海帶目























海带目
化石时期:卢台特期 –現在[1]

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Kelp In Freycinet Tasmania.jpg

科学分类 编辑
门:
淡色藻门 Ochrophyta
纲:
褐藻綱 Phaeophyceae
目:
海带目 Laminariales
Migula英语Walter Migula, 1909[2]



見內文




海帶目是褐藻綱之下一個目級的海藻分類單元,現時包括有約30個属[來源請求]
這些海帶生長於淺海海洋底下的海藻林:一種類似於陸地上森林的海洋植物群落,估計從中新世(即500到2300萬年前)就已出現[3][與來源不符]




目录






  • 1 分類


  • 2 生長和繁殖


  • 3 海藻林


  • 4 商業用途


    • 4.1 商業生產


    • 4.2 再生能源




  • 5 歷史


  • 6 保育


  • 7 圖庫


  • 8 知名物種


  • 9 與其他物種的互動


  • 10 參考文獻


  • 11 參看


  • 12 延伸閱讀


  • 13 外部連結





分類


本目包括下列各科[4]




  • 厚岸藻科(Akkesiphycaceae)


  • 翅藻科(Alariaceae英语Alariaceae


  • 繩藻科(Chordaceae英语Chordaceae


  • 多肋藻科(Costariaceae英语Costariaceae


  • 海帶科(Laminariaceae英语Laminariaceae


  • 巨藻科(Lessoniaceae)


  • 擬繩藻科(Pseudochordaceae英语Pseudochordaceae



生長和繁殖


生長在分生组织基部發生。



海藻林



海帶目聚集的地方會發展成被稱為「海藻林」的海底森林,為最富有豐富生產力與多樣性的地球生態系統[5][6]。較小片的海藻林又被稱為海藻床。在挪威海岸,有接近5800 km2的海岸就長滿了海藻林[7][6],還為大量動物提及棲息地[8][9]




全球海藻林分布


海藻林分布於溫帶到極地地區的沿岸海域。[5]在2007年,於厄瓜多附近的熱帶海域也發現有海藻林分佈。[10]
和熱帶的珊瑚礁一樣,海藻林為許多生物提供生活環境,包括軟體動物、甲殼動物、棘皮動物、魚類及海洋哺乳動物等;同時也為人類提供生產力豐富的漁場。



商業用途





阿拉斯加州海灘的海帶


Giant kelp can be harvested fairly easily because of its surface canopy and growth habit of staying in deeper water.



商業生產



再生能源



歷史



保育



圖庫




知名物種



  • Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana英语Nereocystis luetkeana, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 美洲原住民 to create 渔网s.

  • Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera英语Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest seaweed. Found in the 太平洋 coast of 北美洲 and 南美洲.


  • Kombu英语Kombu, Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) and others, several edible species of kelp found in 日本.


Species of Laminaria in the British Isles;




  • Laminaria digitata英语Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle)


  • Laminaria hyperborea英语Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie)


  • Laminaria ochroleuca英语Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie


  • Laminaria saccharina英语Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack)


Species of 海帶屬 worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase英语AlgaeBase:[11]



  • Laminaria agardhii英语Laminaria agardhii (NE. 美洲)

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  • Laminaria bongardina Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 加利福尼亚州)


  • Laminaria cuneifolia (NE. America)


  • Laminaria dentigera Klellm. (California - America)


  • Laminaria digitata英语Laminaria digitata (NE. America)


  • Laminaria ephemera Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)


  • Laminaria farlowii Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)


  • Laminaria groenlandica (NE. America)


  • Laminaria longicruris (NE. America)


  • Laminaria nigripes (NE. America)


  • Laminaria ontermedia (NE. America)


  • Laminaria pallida英语Laminaria pallida Greville ex J. Agardh (南非)


  • Laminaria platymeris (NE. America)


  • Laminaria saccharina英语Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of Saccharina latissima (north east Atlantic Ocean, Barents Sea south to Galicia - Spain)


  • Laminaria setchellii Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)


  • Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America)


  • Laminaria solidungula (NE. America)


  • Laminaria stenophylla (NE. America)





Costaria costata, five-ribbed kelp


Other species in the 海帶目 that may be considered as kelp:




  • Alaria marginata英语Alaria marginata Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 美洲)


  • Costaria costata (C.Ag.) Saunders (Japan; Alaska, California - America)


  • Ecklonia brevipes J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand)


  • Ecklonia maxima英语Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa)


  • Ecklonia radiata英语Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa)


  • Eisenia arborea英语Eisenia arborea Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)


  • Egregia menziesii英语Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch.

  • Hedophyllum sessile (C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America)


  • Macrocystis angustifolia Bory (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa)


  • Pleurophycus gardneri Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America)


  • Pterygophora californica英语Pterygophora californica Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)


Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:




  • Durvillea antarctica英语Durvillea antarctica, Fucales英语Fucales (新西兰, 南美洲, and 澳大利亚)


  • Durvillea willana英语Durvillea willana, Fucales (New Zealand)


  • Durvillaea potatorum (雅克·拉比亚迪埃) Areschoug, Fucales (塔斯馬尼亞州; Australia)



與其他物種的互動


部分動物的名稱或其英文名稱以海帶(Kelp)來命名,因為牠們以海帶為棲息地或食物。這些物種包括有:




  • Northern kelp crab英语Northern kelp crab (Pugettia producta) and graceful kelp crab英语graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Pacific coast of North America.


  • 鳚亚目魚類的英文名Kelpfish英语Kelpfish:包括有北美洲太平洋海岸的Heterosticbus rostratusGibbonsia英语Gibbonsia屬物種。


  • Kelp goose英语Kelp goose (Chloephaga hybrida):棲息於南美洲及福克蘭群島


  • 鞘嘴鸥科物種在英語的通稱叫作Kelp pigeon,棲息於南極洲,只有白鞘嘴鸥(Chionis alba)和黑脸鞘嘴鸥(Chionis minor)兩個物種。



參考文獻





  1. ^ Olivero, Davide. Chapter 13 "Zoophycos and the Role of Type Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy. (编) William Miller, III. Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier. 2011-10-13: 224–226 [2013-04-01]. ISBN 978-0-08-047535-6. 


  2. ^ Migula, W. Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Deutsch-Österreich und der Schweiz. Band II. Algen. 2. Teil. Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Characeae. Gera: Verlag Friedriech von Zezschwitz. 1909: i–iv, 1–382, 122 (41 col.) pls. 


  3. ^ Macrocystis Evolution


  4. ^ 陸保仁. 海帶目. 中國大百科全書 生物學Ⅰ (中文). 


  5. ^ 5.05.1 Mann, K.H. Seaweeds: their productivity and strategy for growth. Science. 1973, 182: 975–981 (英语). 


  6. ^ 6.06.1 Abdullah, M.I.; Fredriksen, S. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 2004, 84: 887 (英语). 


  7. ^ Rinde, E. Dokumentasjon av modellerte marine Naturtyper i DNs Naturbase. Førstegenerasjonsmodeller til kommunenes startpakker for kartlegging av marine naturtyper 2007. NIVA report. 2009: 32 pp. (挪威语). 


  8. ^ Christie, H., Jørgensen, N.M., Norderhaug, K.M., Waage-Nielsen, E., 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83, 687-699.


  9. ^ Jørgensen, N.M., Christie, H., 2003. Follow me @radd.michyy and lowk3y.nadine l Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp associated fauna. Hydrobiologia 50, 69-76.


  10. ^ Graham, M.H., B.P. Kinlan, L.D. Druehl, L.E. Garske, and S. Banks. 2007. Deep-water kelp refugia as potential hotspots of tropical marine diversity and productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 16576-16580.


  11. ^ AlgaeBase Laminariales




參看



  • Bladder wrack英语Bladder wrack

  • Blue carbon英语Blue carbon

  • Durvillea英语Durvillea

  • 海藻林

  • Wrack zone英语Wrack zone



延伸閱讀




  • Druehl, L.D. Cultivated edible kelp. (编) Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. Algae and Human Affairs.. 1988. ISBN 0-521-32115-8 (英语). 

  • Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2:161-174.



外部連結







  • 維基物種中有關海帶目的數據





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