境主










道教

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境主，又稱統境主、統境王、境主公，是地方行政神祇，類似佛教伽藍神與儒教的城隍神；與土地神有分別。一般說法，有城池的行政區之神，謂之城隍。佛寺的守護神，謂之伽藍。而道教廟宇的轄區或是無城池的街道、部落之守護神，稱為境主。


有時信眾會把「信仰中心的主神」稱為「境主」，如臺灣臺北淡水人稱淡水清水巖清水祖師為「境主」；高雄鳳山五甲龍成宮稱媽祖、清水祖師、戴府元帥為「三境主」，此「境主」並非地方行政神，而為「信仰中心的主神」的意思。



簡介


「境主公」的職司，一般有幾種說法，有說是廟宇建築所在土地範圍的守護神，不過此一職守似乎應屬廟宇落成「安龍謝土」時所安的土地龍神。較普遍的說法則是廟宇「祭祀圈」範圍內的守護神，其「轄區」隨著主廟的祭祀圈大小而定，往往跨越數個土地祠所在地。


細考其「境主」名稱由來，其實可溯至福建的行政區，自元代以來即有境、舖、都、社等劃分，一般街市大約都屬「境」的層級，也因此各區域廟宇所祀地方管轄神也就稱為「境主」，在泉州一舖也有舖主公[1]通常一舖分為若干境，如清代台南有十個聯境組織如東段的八協境，主廟為東門大人廟；南段的八吉境主廟為馬兵營保和宮；西段的六興境主廟為開山宮，主廟底下各境又有屬廟，而府城只有一個臺灣府城隍廟。比如泉州府東隅分為四舖，其中中華舖分三境，壺中境境廟為壺中廟，中和境境廟為粜籴廟。境主宮廟常為鄉約中心，也是清代丁隨地派，公家取消傜役後，地方仕紳臨時加派民眾服役的組織，也類似明代巡警舖（亦是差役的一種）民防、防盜、消防、守望相助的基層鄉里組織，尤其在林爽文事件後，府城廣設聯境組織。


也有人認為，有城（城牆）和隍（護城河）的地區，其護境神為城隍爺；沒有城池範圍的村莊市鎮，其護境神才稱為「境主公」或「統境尊王」，有些地方甚至還建有以「境主公」為主神的廟宇，如称“大王宫”。


在廟宇中奉祀的「境主」，還有司法管轄權，被認為有資格管轄廟宇轄境內的鬼魂魑魅，故多比照城隍之例，配祀文武判官、陰陽司、范謝將軍、韓盧將軍、甘柳將軍、枷鎖將軍、牛馬將軍、日夜遊神等神者。



相關條目



  • 巡警

  • 鄉約

  • 鄉飲酒禮

  • 林爽文事件

  • 山神

  • 城隍

  • 青山王

  • 伽藍神

  • 土地神

  • 地基主

  • 民主公王

  • 五福王爺

  • 台灣民間信仰



參考資料



  • 新莊地藏庵--認識眾神



  • ^ 《云泥叹》: 而宫中相公爷、铺主公香烛皆不及他,其故何软。








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