Mixing
Deme
Pinakia, identification tablets (name, father's name, deme) used for tasks like jury selection, Museum at the Ancient Agora of Athens
In Ancient Greece, a deme or demos (Greek: δῆμος) was a suburb of Athens or a subdivision of Attica, the region of Greece surrounding Athens. Demes as simple subdivisions of land in the countryside seem to have existed in the 6th century BC and earlier, but did not acquire particular significance until the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BC. In those reforms, enrollment in the citizen-lists of a deme became the requirement for citizenship; prior to that time, citizenship had been based on membership in a phratry, or family group. At this same time, demes were established in the city of Athens itself, where they had not previously existed; in all, at the end of Cleisthenes' reforms, Attica was divided into 139 demes[1] to which one should add Berenikidai, established in 224/223 BC, Apollonieis (201/200 BC) and Antinoeis (126/127). The establishment of demes as the fundamental units of the state weakened the gene, or aristocratic family groups, that had dominated the phratries.[2]
A deme functioned to some degree as a polis in miniature, and indeed some demes, such as Eleusis and Acharnae, were in fact significant towns. Each deme had a demarchos who supervised its affairs; various other civil, religious, and military functionaries existed in various demes. Demes held their own religious festivals and collected and spent revenue.[3]
Demes were combined with other demes from the same area to make trittyes, larger population groups, which in turn were combined to form the ten tribes, or phylai of Athens. Each tribe contained one trittys from each of three regions: the city, the coast, and the inland area.
Contents
1 Cleisthenes' reforms and its modifications
1.1 First period: 508 – 307/306 BC
1.2 Second period: 307/306 – 224/223 BC
1.3 Third period: 224/223 – 201/200 BC
1.4 Fourth period: 201/200 BC – 126/127 AD
1.5 Fifth period: 126/127 – third century
2 Representation in the Boule
3 Spurious and Late Roman demes
4 Homonymous and divided demes
5 List of Athenian demes according to tribes/phylai (φυλαί)
5.1 The ten Cleisthenic tribes
5.2 The Macedonian tribes
5.3 The later tribes
6 The ten tribes of Thurii
7 Later usage
8 Footnotes
9 References
Cleisthenes' reforms and its modifications
First period: 508 – 307/306 BC
The division of Attica into urban (pink), inland (green), and coastal (blue) zones by Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes divided the landscape in three zones—urban (asty), coastal (paralia) and inland (mesogeia)—and the 139 demes were organized into 30 groups called trittyes ("thirds"), ten for each of the zones and into ten tribes, or phyle, each composed of three trittyes, one from the coast, one from the city, and one from the inland area.
Cleisthenes also reorganized the Boule, created with 400 members under Solon, so that it had 500 members, 50 from each tribe, each deme having a fixed quota.
The ten tribes were named after legendary heroes and came to have an official order:
Erechtheis (Ἐρεχθηΐς) named after Erechtheus
Aigeis (Αἰγηΐς) named after Aegeus
Pandionis (Πανδιονίς) named after Pandion
Leontis (Λεοντίς) named after Leos, son of Orpheus
Acamantis (Ἀκαμαντίς) named after Acamas
Oineis (Οἰνηΐς) named after Oeneus
Kekropis (Κεκροπίς) named after Cécrops
Hippothontis (or Hippothoontis) (Ἱπποθοντίς) named after Hippothoon
Aiantis (Αἰαντίς) named after Ajax
Antiochis (Ἀντιοχίς) named after Antiochus, son of Heracles
Second period: 307/306 – 224/223 BC
In 307/306 – 224/223 BC the system was reorganized creating the two Macedonian Phylai (XI. Antigonis and XII. Demetrias), named after Demetrius I of Macedon and Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and increasing the Boule to 600 members. Each of the ten tribes, except Aiantis, provide 3 demes (not necessarily one for trittyes); the missing contribution of Aiantis is covered by two demes of Leontis and 1 from Aigeis.
In connection the contribution of each village to the Boule is properly adapted.
Third period: 224/223 – 201/200 BC
The Egyptian Phyle XIII. Ptolemais, named after Ptolemy III Euergetes is created in 224/223 BC and the Boule increases to 600 members, the twelve tribes giving each a demos; moreover a new village is creatied and named Berenikidai, after Ptolemy's wife Berenice II of Egypt.
Fourth period: 201/200 BC – 126/127 AD
In 201/200 BC the Macedonian Phylae are dissolved and the villages (except the two given to Ptolemais) go back to the original tribe. Moreover, in spring 200 BC the tribe XIV. Attalis, named after Attalus I, is created following the same scheme used for the creation of the Egyptian Phyle: each tribe contributes a deme and a new deme, Apollonieis, is created in honour of Apollonis, wife of Attalus I of Pergamum.
As a consequence we have again 12 tribeas and 600 members of the Boule.
From this period there are no more quotas assigned to the demes for the 50 Boule members of each tribe
Fifth period: 126/127 – third century
The last modification is the creation in 126/127 of XV. Hadrianis, named after Hadrian following the same scheme: each tribe contributes a deme and a new deme, Antinoeis is created in honour of Hadrian's favorite, Antinous.
More over each tribe contributes 40 members to the Boule.
Representation in the Boule
In the first three periods there it a more detailed system of fixed quotas which essentially remained unchanged. There is no evidence for a single general reapportionment of quotas within each of the first three periods, while there are evident small quota-variations between the first and the second periods.[4]
More precisely in:
- 307/306 BC, 24 demes increased of 1 bouleutes, 13 of 2, 5 or 3, 6 of 4 and 1 (Lower Paiania) of 11 and there is not a single example of a decreased quota.[5]
- 224/223 BC 4 demes increased of 1 bouleutes, 1 of 2, 2 or 3 and 2 of 4; of the 56 demes whose quota in the third period are known more than half maintain their same quota through the first three periods.[6]
As regards the last two periods, the material illustrates the complete collapse of the quota-system from 201/200 BC.[7]
Spurious and Late Roman demes
Some deme lists suggest to extend the 139+3 list adding 43 other names some of which have been considered by scholars as attic demes.[8] The criticism performed by John S. Traill[9] shows that 24 are the result of error, ancient[10] or modern,[11] or of misinterpretation[12] and 19[13] are well known chiefly from inscriptions of the second and third centuries after Christ, i.e. in the fifth period, and thus for political purposes they were originally dependent on legitimate cleisthenic demes.
Homonymous and divided demes
There are[14] 6 pairs of homonymous demes:
Halai Araphenides (VII.Kekropis) and Halai Aixonides (II.Aigeis)
Oion Dekeleikon (VIII.Hippothontis; later XIII.Ptolemais, XIV.Attalis) and Oion Kerameikon (IV.Leontis; affiliated with XII.Demetrias in the Macedonanian period)
Eitea: there were two demes of that name, but no modifier is known. One is associated to V.Acamantis, later XI.Antigonis and XV.Hadrianis; the other is associated to X.Antiochis
Oinoe and Oinoe: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to VIII.Hippothontis, later XII.Demetrias and XIII.Ptolemais; the other was associated to IX.Aiantis, later XIV.Attalis and XV.Hadrianis.
Kolonai: again no modifier is known; one deme was associated to IV.Leontis; the other to X.Antiochis, later XI.Antigonis and XIII.Ptolemais.
Eroiadai: again no modifier is known for these two demes associated to VIII.Hippothontis and X.Antiochis.
and 6 divided demes, one composed of three parts:
Agryle, Upper Agryle and Lower Agryle (I.Erechtheis); one of them, but there is no prosopographical information for identifying which, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonanian period; later one of them (again it is uncertain which) was transferred to XIV.Attalis.
Lamptrai, Upper Lamptrai and Coastal/Lower Lamptrai (I.Erechtheis); Upper Lamptrai was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonanian period.
Pergase, Upper and Lower (I.Erechtheis); one of them (no prosopographical information allows to decide which) was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonanian period.
Ankyle: no special designations of either section are preserved, although they are presumed to have the regular Upper and Lower forms. One section, perhaps Upper Ankale, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonanian period.
Paiania, Upper Paiania and Lower Paiania (III.Pandionis); Upper Paiania, was transferred to XI.Antigonis and went back at the end of the Macedonanian period.
Potamos has three sections, Upper Potamos, Lower Potamos and Potamos Deiradiotes (IV.Leontes); during the Macedonanian period, Potamos Deiradiotes belonged to XI.Antigonis and Lower Potamos to XII.Demetrias
List of Athenian demes according to tribes/phylai (φυλαί)
The ten Cleisthenic tribes
- Erechtheïs (Ἐρεχθηΐς)[15]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
city
Upper Agryle
2
3
3
One deme to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Lower Agryle
2
Euonymon
10
12
12
Themakos
1
1
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
coast
Anagyrous
6
8
8
Kedoi
2
2
2
Upper Lamptrai
5
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Coastal Lamptrai
9
10
10
Pambotadai
1(0)
1
2
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Kephisia (?)
inland
Kephisia
6
8
8
Upper Pergase
2
3
3
One deme to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Lower Pergase
2
Phegous
1
1
1
Sybridai
0(1)
1
1
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
- Aigeis (Αἰγηΐς)[19]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
city
Upper Ankyle
1
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Lower Ankyle
1
1
Bate
1(2)
1
Diomeia
1
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Erikeia
1
2
Hestiaia
1
1
Kollytos
3
4
Kolonos
2
2
coast
Araphen
2
2
Halai Araphenides
5
9
Otryne
1
1
Phegaia
3(4)
3(4)
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Philaidai
3
3
Epakria
inland
Erchia
7(6)
11
Gargettos
4
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Ikarion
5(4)
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Ionidai
2(1)
2
Kydantidai
1(2)
1(2)
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Myrrhinoutta
1
1
Plotheia
1
2
Teithras
4
4
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
- Pandionis (Πανδιονίς)[20]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
Kydathenaion
city
Kydathenaion
12(11)
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Myrrhinous
coast
Angele
2(3)
4
4
Myrrhinous
6
8
8
Prasiai
3
3
3
Probalinthos
5
5
5
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Steiria
3
3
4
Paiania
inland
Konthyle
1
1
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Kytheros
2(1)
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Oa
4
4
4
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Upper Paiania
1
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Lower Paiania
11
22
22
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
- Leontis (Λεοντίς)[21][22]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
Skambonidai
city
Halimous
3
3
3
Kettos
3
3(4)
3
Leukonoion
3
5
5
Oion Kerameikon
1
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Skambonidai
3
4
4
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Upper Potamos
2
2
2
Lower Potamos
1
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Phrearrhioi
coast
Deiradiotai
2
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Potamioi Deiradiotai
2
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Phrearrhioi
9
9
10
Sounion
4
6
6
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Hekale (?)
inland
Aithalidai
2
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Cholleidai
2
5
5
Eupyridai
2
2
2
Hekale
1
1
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Hybadai
2
2(1)
2
Kolonai
2
2
2
Kropidai
1
1
1
Paionidai
3
3
3
Pelekes
2
2
2
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
- Akamantis (Ἀκαμαντίς)[23]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
Cholargos
city
Cholargos
4
6
Eiresidai
1
2
Hermos
2
2
Iphistiadae
1
1
Kerameis
6
6
Thorikos
coast
Kephale
9
12
Poros
3
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Thorikos
5(6)
6
Sphettos
inland
Eitea
2
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Hagnous
5
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Kikynna
2
3
Prospalta
5
5
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Sphettos
5
7
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
- Oeneïs (Οἰνηΐς)[24]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
Lakiadai
city
Boutadai
1
1
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Epikephisia
1(2)
1
Hippotomadai
1
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Lakiadai
2
3
Lousia
1
1
Perithoidai
3
3
Ptelea
1
1
Tyrmeidai
1(0)
1
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Thria
coast
Kothokidai
2(1)
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
Oe
6(7)
6
Phyle
2
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third period
Thria
7
8
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Pedion
inland
Acharnae
22
25
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
- Kekropis (Κεκροπίς)[25]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
Melite (?)
city
Daidalidai
1
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Melite
7
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Xypete
7
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Aixone(?)
coast
Aixone
8
12
Halai Aixonides
6
10
inland
Athmonon
6
10
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Epieikidai
1
1(0)
Phlya
7
9
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Pithos
2(3)
4
Sypalettos
2
2
[26]
Trinemeia
2
2
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
- Hippothontis (Ἱπποθοντίς)[27]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
Peiraieus
city
Hamaxanteia
2
2
Keiriadai
2
2
Koile
3
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Korydallos
1
1
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Peiraieus
9
10
Thymaitadai
2
2
Eleusis
coast
Acherdous
1
1
Auridai
1
to XI.Antigonis in the second and third periods
Azenia
2
2
Elaious
1
1
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Eleusis
11
12
Kopros
2
2
Oinoe
2
to XII.Demetrias in the second and to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Dekeleia (?)
inland
Anakaia
3
3
Eroiadai
1
2
Dekeleia
4
6
Oion Dekeleikon
3
3
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
- Aiantis (Αἰαντίς)
[28]Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
Phaleron (?)
city
Phaleron
9
9
13
Thorikos
coast
Marathon
10
10
13
Oinoe
4
4
6
to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Rhamnous
8
8
12
Trikorynthos
3
3
6
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Aphidna (?)
inland
Aphidna
16
16
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period and to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Notes
- Antiochis (Ἀντιοχίς)[29]
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
Alopeke
city
Alopeke
10
12
Anaphlistos
coast
Aigilia
6
7
to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Amphitrope
2
3
Anaphlystos
10
11
Atene
3
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods and to XIV.Attalis in the fourth period
Besa
2
2
to XV.Hadrianis in the fifth period
Thorai
4
to XII.Demetrias in the second and third periods
Pallene
inland
Eitea
2(1)
2
Eroiadai
1
1
Kolonai
2
to XI.Antigonis in the second period and to XIII.Ptolemais in the third period
Krioa
1
2
Pallene
6(7)
9
Semachidai
1
1
Deme
#[16]
#[17]
Notes
The Macedonian tribes
- Antigonis[30]
Deme
Former phyle
Trittys
#[16]
#[17]
Lower Agryle
Erachtheis
city
3
3
Upper Lamptrai
Erachtheis
coast
5
5
Lower Pergase
Erachtheis
inland
2
2
Upper Ankyle
Aigeis
city
1
1
Ikarion
Aigeis
inland
5
6
Kydathenaion
Pandionis
city
12
12
Kytheros
Pandionis
inland
2
2
Upper Paiania
Pandionis
inland
1
1
Aithalidai
Leontis
inland
2
2
Deiradiotai
Leontis
coast
2
2
Potamos Deiradiotes
Leontis
coast
2
2
Eitea
Akamantis
inland
2
2
Auridai
Hippothontis
coast
1
1
Kolonai
Antiochis
inland
2
2
- Demetrias[31]
Deme
Former phyle
Trittys
#[16]
#[17]
Diomeia
Aigeis
city
1
1
Oion Kerameikon
Leontis
city
1
1
Lower Potamos
Leontis
coast
1
2
Hagnous
Akamantis
inland
5
5
Poros
Akamantis
coast
3
3
Hippotomadai
Oineis
city
1
1
Kothokidai
Oineis
coast
2
2
Phyle
Oineis
coast
2
6
Daidalidai
Kekropis
city
1
1
Melite
Kekropis
city
7
7
Xypete
Kekropis
city
7
7
Koile
Hippothontis
city
3
3
Oinoe
Hippothontis
coast
2
2
Atene
Antiochis
coast
3
4
Thorai
Antiochis
coast
4
5
The later tribes
- Ptolemais[32]
Deme
Former phyle
Trittys
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Kolonai
Antigonis
inland
2
2
2
Oinoe
Demetrias
coast
2
2
2
Themakos
Erechteis
city
1
1
1
Kydantidai
Aigeis
inland
1 (2)
1 (2)
1
Konthyle
Pandionis
inland
1
1
1
Hekale
Leontis
inland
1
1
1
Prospalta
Akamantis
inland
5
5
5
Boutadai
Oineis
city
1
1
1
Phlya
Kekropis
inland
6
9
9
Oion Dekeleikon
Hippothontis
inland
3
3
3
Aphidna
Aiantis
inland
16
16
16
Aigilia
Antiochis
coast
6
7
7
Berenikidai
new
1
- Attalis[33]
Deme
Former phyle
Trittys
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Lower Agrile
Erechteis
city
3
3
3
Ikarion
Aigeis
inland
5 (4)
6
6
Probalinthos
Pandionis
coast
5
5
5
Sounion
Leontis
coast
4
6
6
Oion Dekailekon
Ptolemais
inlamd
3
3
3
Hagnous
Akamantis
inland
5
5
5
Tyrmeidai
Oineis
city
1(0)
1
1
Athmonon
Kekropis
inland
6
10
10
Korydallos
Hippothontis
city
3
3
3
Oinoe
Aiantis
coast
4
4
6
Atene
Antiochis
coast
3
4
4
Apollonieis
new
- Hadrianis[34]
Deme
Former phyle
Trittys
#[16]
#[17]
#[18]
Pambotadai
Erechteis
coast
1 (0)
1 (0)
2
Phegaia
Aigeis
coast
3 (4)
3 (4)
4
Oa
Pandionis
inland
4
4
4
Skambonidai
Leontis
city
3
4
4
Aphidna
Ptolemais
inlamd
16
16
16
Eitea
Akamantis
inland
2
2
2
Thria
Oineis
coast
7
8
8
Daidalidai
Kekropis
city
1
1
1
Elaious
Hippothontis
coast
1
1
1
Trikorynthos
Aiantis
coast
3
3
6
Besa
Antiochis
coast
2
2
2
Oinoe
Attalis
coast
4
4
6
Antinoeis
new
The ten tribes of Thurii
When the city was settled under the support of Pericles and the command of Lampon and Xenocritus the population was organized in ten tribes, following the Athenian organization: there were tribes for the population of 1. Arcadia, 2. Achaea, 3. Elis, 4. Boeotia, 5. Delphi, 6. Dorians, 7. Ionians, 8. population of Euboea, 9. the islands and 10. Athenians.[35]
Later usage
The term "deme" (dēmos) survived into the Hellenistic and Roman eras. By the time of the Byzantine Empire, the term was used to refer to one of the four chariot racing factions, the Reds, the Blues, the Greens and the Whites.
In modern Greece, the term dēmos is used to denote the municipalities.
Footnotes
^ Traill 1975, p. 76
^ J.V. Fine, The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
^ David Whitehead, "Deme" from the Oxford Classical Dictionary, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ed.
^ Traill 1975, p. 56
^ Traill 1975, p. 59
^ Traill 1975, p. 62
^ Traill 1975, p. 61
^ Graes, Phegaia, Kaletea (III); Rhakidai, Kyrteidai (V); Phyle B, Perrihidai (VI); Kikynna B, Trinemeia B, Sypalettos B (VII); Agriadai, Pol(--), Anakaia B, Amymone, Sphendale (VIII); Kykala, Perrhidai, Thyrgonidai, Titakidai, Petalidai, Psaphis (IX); Atene B, De(--), Lekkon, Leukopyra, Ergadeis, Phyrrhinesioi, Malainai, Pentele (X).
^ Traill 1975, pp. 81–96
^ Anakaia B, Phegaieis B, Graes, Pol(--)
^ Agriadai
^ De(--), Salamis, Kaletea, Kikynna B, Atene B, Ikaroin, Amphitrope B, Phyle B, Sypalettos B, Trinemeia B, Coastal Lamptrai, Chastieis, Chelidonia, Echelidai, Gephyreis, Lekkon, Oisia, Rhakidai, Sporgilos.
^ Hyporeia,Thirgonidai, Titakidai, Perrhidai, Petalidai, Eunostidai, Klopidai, Melainai, Sphendale, Pentale, Psaphis, Akyaia, Amymone, Ergadeis, Kykala, Kyrteidai, Leukopyra,
Phy(r)rhinesioi, Semachidai B,
^ Traill 1975, pp. 123-8
^ Traill 1975, Table I
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy Quota in the first period
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy Quota in the second period
^ abcdefghijk Quota in the third period
^ Traill 1975, Table II
^ Traill 1975, Table III
^ Traill 1975, Table IV
^ Traill, 1975 & pg.133
^ Traill 1975, Table V
^ Traill 1975, Table VI
^ Traill 1975, Table VII
^ Meritt, 1961, pp.227-230 suggests that Sypalettos could be temporarily belonged to XIV.Attalis in 145; the argument would justify the conflicting facts that the current archon, Epikrates, was from Sypalettos and that archonship, in the secretary-cycle, should be assigned to Attalis; in connection he pointed that the son of the eponym, Attalos II, was of the deme Sypalettos and that a similar reletionship between phylai and members of the family of the eponym is proved by Ptolemy V Epiphanes, grandson of Ptolemy III and member of XIII.Ptolemais and by Hadrian which was accepted into the deme of Besa.
^ Traill 1975, Table V
^ Traill 1975, Table IX
^ Traill 1975, Table X
^ Traill 1975, Table XI
^ Traill 1975, Table XII
^ Traill 1975, Table XIII
^ Traill 1975, Table XIV
^ Traill 1975, Table XV
^ Fritz Schachermeyr, Perikles, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart–Berlin–Köln–Mainz 1969
References
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ISBN 0-674-03314-0. - Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003).
ISBN 0-19-866172-X. - Meritt, B. D. The Athenian Year. Berkeley, 1961.
- Suzanne, Bernard (1998). plato-dialogues.org, "Attic Tribes and Demes". Accessed August 1, 2006.
- Whitehead, David. The Demes of Attica 508/7–ca. 250 BC: A Political and Social Study (Princeton University Press, 1986).
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