Mixing
濁小舌擦音
| 浊小舌擦音 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| .mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important} ʁ | |||
ʁ̝ | |||
| |||
国际音标编号 | 143 | ||
| 编码 | |||
| HTML码 十进制 | ʁ | ||
| Unicode 十六进制 | U+0281 | ||
| X-SAMPA音标 | R | ||
| ASCII音标 | g" | ||
| 声音 | |||
| 濁小舌近音 | |
|---|---|
ʁ | |
ʁ̞ | |
| 声音 | |
濁小舌擦音是辅音的一种，在一些口语中存在，漢語普通話無此音。国际音标中表示该音的符号是〈ʁ〉；而与之等价的X-SAMPA符号是〈R〉。在歐洲語言裡面，该辅音是喉音R中的其中一种。
因為〈ʁ〉這個符號同時表示濁小舌擦音和小舌近音 ，這個音的擦音特性或將用升音符號在這個音的符號上標明（標明後寫作[ʁ̝]）；而其近音的特性或將用降音符號在這個音的符號上標明（標明後寫作[ʁ̞]）。
範例
噶瑪蘭語有此發音。
特徵
濁小舌擦音 的特點：
發音方法是摩擦，表示氣流通過位於發音部位的狹窄通道，發生湍流。
發音部位是小舌，即是以舌根部位抵住小舌發音。
- 發聲類型是濁音，意味着發音時聲帶顫動。
- 本輔音是口腔輔音（口音），表示發音時空氣從只從口裡流出。
- 本輔音為中央輔音，發音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。
氣流特點是經由肺與橫膈膜流出，而非從口腔或喉門流出。
參考文獻
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Booij, Geert, The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, 1999
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), 2003, ISBN 9004103406
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009
Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans, Co-occurrence constraints on
/r/ and
/ɣ/ in Dutch dialects, (编) Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics (PDF), Brussels: Études & Travaux: 91–112, 2001, ISSN 0777-3692, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-13） 参数|chapter=值左起第30位存在删除符 (帮助)
Hall, Tracy Alan, The phonology of German /ʀ/, Phonology, 1993, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743
Hickey, Raymond. Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-521-85299-4.
Kachru, Yamuna, Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, 2006, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 （英语）.
Ogden, Richard, An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., 2009, ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6
Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, 1963
Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Verstraten, Bart; Van de Velde, Hans, Socio-geographical variation of
/r/ in standard Dutch, (编) Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics (PDF), Brussels: Études & Travaux: 45–61, 2001, ISSN 0777-3692, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-13） 参数|chapter=值左起第33位存在删除符 (帮助)
Watson, Janet C. E., The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002
Wells, John C., Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
Comments
Post a Comment