Export

For other uses, see Export (disambiguation).

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v t e

The term export in international trade means the sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an exporter; the foreign buyer is referred to as an importer.^[1]

Export of goods often requires involvement of customs authorities. An export's reverse counterpart is an import.

Contents

• 
  1 Exporting
  


• 
  2 Process
  


• 
  3 Barriers
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Strategic
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Tariffs
    
  
  
  • 
    3.3 Overview
    
    
    
    • 
      3.3.1 Advantages of exporting
      
    
    
    • 
      3.3.2 Disadvantages of exporting
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Export motivations and perceptions
  


• 
  5 See also
  


• 
  6 References
  


• 
  7 External links
  

Exporting

Many manufacturing firms began their global expansion as exporters and only later switched to another mode for serving a foreign market.^{[2][clarification needed]}

Process

Methods of exporting a product or good or information include mail, hand delivery, air shipping, shipping by vessel, uploading to an internet site, or downloading from an internet site. Exports also include distribution of information sent as email, an email attachment, fax or in a telephone conversation.^{[citation needed]}

Barriers

Trade barriers are government laws, regulations, policy, or practices that either protect domestic products from foreign competition or artificially stimulate exports of particular domestic products. While restrictive business practices sometimes have a similar effect, they are not usually regarded as trade barriers. The most common foreign trade barriers are government-imposed measures and policies that restrict, prevent, or impede the international exchange of goods and services.^[3]

Strategic

International agreements limit trade in and the transfer of, certain types of goods and information e.g. goods associated with weapons of mass destruction, advanced telecommunications, arms and torture, and also some art and archaeological artefacts. For example:

• 
  Nuclear Suppliers Group limits trade in nuclear weapons and associated goods (45 countries participate).


• The Australia Group limits trade in chemical & biological weapons and associated goods (39 countries).


• 
  Missile Technology Control Regime limits trade in the means of delivering weapons of mass destruction (35 countries)


• The Wassenaar Arrangement limits trade in conventional arms and technological developments (40 countries).

Tariffs

A tariff is a tax placed on a specific good or set of goods exported from or imported to a country, creating an economic barrier to trade.^[4]
Usually the tactic is used when a country's domestic output of the good is falling and imports from foreign competitors are rising, particularly if the country has strategic reasons to retain a domestic production capability.
Some failing industries receive a protection with an effect similar to subsidies; tariffs reduce the industry's incentives to produce goods quicker, cheaper, and more efficiently. The third reason for a tariff involves addressing the issue of dumping. Dumping involves a country producing highly excessive amounts of goods and dumping the goods on another country at prices that are "too low", for example, pricing the good lower in the export market than in the domestic market of the country of origin. In dumping the producer sells the product at a price that returns no profit, or even amounts to a loss.^[5] The purpose and expected outcome of a tariff is to encourage spending on domestic goods and services rather than imports.

Tariffs can create tension between countries. Examples include the United States steel tariff of 2002 and when China placed a 14% tariff on imported auto parts. Such tariffs usually lead to a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO).^[6] If that fails, the country may put a tariff of its own against the other nation in retaliation, and to increase pressure to remove the tariff.

Vessel at Altenwerder Container Terminal (Hamburg)

Overview

Advantages of exporting

• Exporting has two distinct advantages. First, it avoids the often substantial cost of establishing manufacturing operations in the host country.^[7]
  


• Second, exporting may help a company achieve experience curve effects and location economies.^[7]
  

Ownership advantages are the firm's specific assets, international experience, and the ability to develop either low-cost or differentiated products within the contacts of its value chain. The locational advantages of a particular market are a combination of market potential and investment risk. Internationalization advantages are the benefits of retaining a core competence within the company and threading it though the value chain rather than to license, outsource, or sell it.

In relation to the eclectic paradigm, companies that have low levels of ownership advantages do not enter foreign markets. If the company and its products are equipped with ownership advantage and internalization advantage, they enter through low-risk modes such as exporting. Exporting requires significantly lower level of investment than other modes of international expansion, such as FDI. The lower risk of export typically results in a lower rate of return on sales than possible though other modes of international business. In other words, the usual return on export sales may not be tremendous, but neither is the risk. Exporting allows managers to exercise operation control but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter usually resides far from the end consumer and often enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing activities. After two straight months of contraction, exports from India rose by 11.64% at $25.83 billion in July 2013 against $23.14 billion in the same month of the previous year.^[8]

Disadvantages of exporting

Exporting has a number of drawbacks:

• Exporting from the firm's home base may not be appropriate if lower-cost locations for manufacturing the product can be found abroad. It may be preferable to manufacture where conditions are most favorable to value creation, and to export to the rest of the world from that location.^[2]
  


• A second drawback to exporting, is that high transport cost can make exporting uneconomical, particularly for bulk products. One way to fix this, is to manufacture bulk products regionally.^[2]
  


• Another drawback, is that high tariff barriers can make exporting uneconomical and very risky.^[2]
  

For small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees, selling goods and services to foreign markets can be more difficult than serving the domestic market. The lack of knowledge of trade regulations, cultural differences, different languages and foreign-exchange situations, as well as the strain of resources and staff, interact like a block for exporting. Indeed, there are some SMEs which are exporting, but nearly two-thirds of them sell to only one foreign market.^[9]

Export motivations and perceptions

Motivational factors are "all those factors triggering the decision of the firm to initiate and develop export activities". In the literature, export barriers are divided into four large categories: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge.^[10] In addition, export motivators are divided into five dimensions; reactive, marketing,export, technological, external.^[11] Research shows that exporters are more favourable to motivators than non-exporters.^[12]

See also

• 
  Business and economics portal
  


• 
  International relations portal
  


• 
  Globalization portal
  

• Comparative advantage


• Commodity currency


• Commodity Classification Automated Tracking System


• Demand vacuum


• e-commerce


• Embargo


• Export-oriented industrialization


• Export control


• Export performance


• Export promotion


• Export strategy


• Export subsidy


• Export Yellow Pages


• Free trade


• Free trade agreement


• Free trade area


• Import


• Infant industry argument


• International trade


• List of countries by exports


• Protectionism


• Sales


• 
  Trade barrier
  
  
  
  • Tariff
  
  
  • Non-tariff barriers to trade
  
  
  
  

References

1. 
   ^ Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2005) International Marketing, Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   ISBN 0-19-567123-6
   


2. 
   ^ ^abcd Washington, Charles W. L. Hill, University of (2015). International business : competing in the global marketplace (Tenth edition. ed.). p. 454. ISBN 978-0-07-811277-5.
   


3. 
   ^ "Targeted Trade Barriers". cftech.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
   


4. 
   ^ Staff, Investopedia (24 November 2003). "Tariff". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
   


5. 
   ^ Mike Mofatt. "The Economic Effect of Tariffs". Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
   


6. 
   ^ US/China Trade Tensions Archived 16 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Darren Gersh. Retrieved 21 May 2006.
   


7. 
   ^ ^ab Hill, Charles W.L. (2015). International Business: competing in the global marketplace (15th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 454. ISBN 978-0078112775.
   


8. 
   ^ "Exports surge to 21-month high". Business Standard India. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013.
   


9. 
   ^ Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business: environment and operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall.
   ISBN 0-13-186942-6
   


10. 
    ^ Seringhaus, F. R (1990). Government export promotion: A global perspective. https://www.amazon.com/Government-Export-Promotion-Perspective-International/dp/0415000645: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 0415000645.
    


11. 
    ^ Stouraitis, Vassilios; Harun, Mior Harris Mior; Kyritsis, Markos (5 January 2017). "Motivators of SME initial export choice and the European Union regional effect in manufacturing". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 23 (1): 35–55. doi:10.1108/ijebr-05-2015-0120. ISSN 1355-2554.
    


12. 
    ^ Leonidou, Leonidas C.; Katsikeas, Constantine S.; Palihawadana, Dayananda; Spyropoulou, Stavroula (6 November 2007). "An analytical review of the factors stimulating smaller firms to export: Implications for policy‐makers". International Marketing Review. 24 (6): 735–770. doi:10.1108/02651330710832685. ISSN 0265-1335.
    

External links

• 
  Import and Export at Curlie
  


• UK Institute Of Export


• World Bank Top exporters

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