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Oh-My-God particle
The Oh-My-God particle was the highest-energy cosmic ray detected so far (as of 2019[update]), by the Fly's Eye detector in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, US, on 15 October 1991.[1][2][3] Its energy was estimated as 7001512696475840000♠(3.2±0.9)×1020 eV, or 7001510000000000000♠51 J. This is 20 million times more energetic than the highest energy measured in electromagnetic radiation emitted by an extragalactic object[4] and 7020100000000000000♠1020 (100 quintillion) times the photon energy of visible light, equivalent to a 142-gram (5 oz) baseball travelling at about 26 m/s (94 km/h; 58 mph).Coordinates: 
5h 40m 48s, +48° 0′ 0″
Assuming it was a proton, this particle traveled at 7002100000000000000♠99.99999999999999999999951% of the speed of light, and its Lorentz factor was 7011320000000000000♠3.2×1011. At this speed, if a photon were travelling with the particle, it would take over 215,000 years for the photon to gain a 1 cm lead as seen in Earth's reference frame.
The energy of this particle is some 40 million times that of the highest energy protons that have been produced in any terrestrial particle accelerator. However, only a small fraction of this energy would be available for an interaction with a proton or neutron on Earth, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the products of the interaction. The effective energy available for such a collision is √2Emc2,[citation needed] where E is the particle's energy and mc2 is the mass energy of the proton. For the Oh-My-God particle, this gives 6996120163236525000♠7.5×1014 eV, roughly 60 times the collision energy of the Large Hadron Collider.[5]
While the particle's energy was higher than anything achieved in terrestrial accelerators, it was still about 40 million times lower than the Planck energy. Particles of such energy would be required in order to explore the Planck scale. A proton with that much energy would travel 7015166500000000000♠1.665×1015 times closer to the speed of light than the Oh-My-God particle. As viewed from Earth it would take about 7028112944650400000♠3.579×1020 years, or 7010259000000000000♠2.59×1010 times the current age of the universe, for a photon to gain a 1 cm lead over a Planck energy proton as observed in Earth's reference frame.
Since the first observation, at least 72 similar (energy > 7000913240597589999♠5.7×1019 eV) events have been recorded, confirming the phenomenon.[6] These ultra-high-energy cosmic ray particles are very rare; the energy of most cosmic ray particles is between 10 MeV and 10 GeV. More recent studies using the Telescope Array have suggested a source for the particles within a 20-degree radius "warm spot" in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major.[3][6][7]
See also
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit – A theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray – A cosmic-ray particle with a kinetic energy greater than 1×1018 eV
Ursa Major Cluster – A spiral-rich galaxy cluster of the Virgo Supercluster
References
^ Bird, D. J.; Corbato, S. C.; Dai, H. Y.; Elbert, J. W.; Green, K. D.; Huang, M. A.; Kieda, D. B.; Ko, S.; Larsen, C. G.; Loh, E. C.; Luo, M. Z.; Salamon, M. H.; Smith, J. D.; Sokolsky, P.; Sommers, P.; Tang, J. K. K.; Thomas, S. B. (March 1995). "Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation". The Astrophysical Journal. 441: 144. arXiv:astro-ph/9410067. Bibcode:1995ApJ...441..144B. doi:10.1086/175344..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "The Fly's Eye (1981-1993) -- The Highest Energy Particle Ever Recorded". cosmic-ray.org.
^ ab "The Particle That Broke a Cosmic Speed Limit". Quanta Magazine. 2015-05-14.
^ The blazar Markarian 501, measured in 1997.
^ CERN bulletin November 2015
^ ab Abbasi, R. U. (2014). "Indications of Intermediate-Scale Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays with Energy Greater Than 57 EeV in the Northern Sky Measured with the Surface Detector of the Telescope Array Experiment". Astrophys. J. 790 (2): L21. arXiv:1404.5890. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790L..21A. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/790/2/L21.
^ "Physicists spot potential source of 'Oh-My-God' particles". sciencemag.org. 8 July 2014.
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