塔拉兹








Taraz p.svg

塔拉兹（Тараз‎，Taraz）是近十年起的地名，1997年前稱江布爾 （Жамбы́л‎），至1938年称为米尔卓扬，1936年前称奧利埃-阿塔(神圣长老) （Әулие́-Ата‎），现在是哈薩克斯坦江布爾州首府。位於該國南部塔拉斯河畔，鄰近吉爾吉斯斯坦。1999年人口330,100人。這地方，據說是北匈奴的郅支單于強迫康居人用了兩年時間在塔拉斯河附近建設。不久之后，西汉军队在此大破匈奴军，击杀郅支单于。


唐代稱為怛邏斯，为石国大镇，歷史上大唐帝國與黑衣大食(阿拉伯帝國阿拔斯王朝)於此地爆發怛邏斯戰役而著名。杜环《经行记》：


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“勃达岭北行千余里，至碎叶川。川东头有热海，又有碎叶城。其川西接石国，约长千余里；川中有异姓部落，有异姓突厥。其川西南头，有城名怛邏斯，石国大镇，即天宝十年，高仙芝兵败之地。”[1]


玄奘往印度取经，曾路过此地；《大唐西域记》卷一记载：



“素叶城西行四百余里至千泉……千泉西行百四五十里，至呾邏私城，城周八九里诸国商胡杂居也。”[2]


1210年代，花剌子模與屈出律夾擊西遼，花剌子模在這裡打敗西遼將軍塔陽古，西遼國西方從此歸花剌子模。


元代称为塔剌思。1219年成吉思汗挥师攻打花拉子模，佔领塔剌思，从河中府迁移四百余人到塔剌思屯田，命耶律楚材管理此地[3]。


在16世纪由于哈萨克汗国与乌兹别克汗国之间的战乱和不断易主，城池也逐渐坍塌只保留了一些房屋和陵墓。18世纪初期落入准噶尔人手中。18世纪末回到哈萨克汗国管辖，19世纪初随哈萨克大玉兹并入沙俄。



参考文献





  1. ^ 杜环《经行记·碎叶国》张一纯笺注 中华书局 2000年 ISBN 7-101-02036-4


  2. ^ 《大唐西域记校注》(唐)玄奘著， 季羡林等校注。 卷一 77页 ISBN 7-101-02453-X


  3. ^ 耶律楚材《西游录》向达《前言》 ISBN 7-101-02028-3






规范控制


  • WorldCat Identities

  • GND: 4802672-4

  • VIAF: 128042434



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