Apidae




"Apid" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Apis.








































Apidae

Xylocopa micans.JPG

Xylocopa micans (a carpenter bee), on a Vitex species flower

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Euarthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Superfamily:
Apoidea

Clade:
Anthophila
Family:
Apidae

Type genus

Apis
Linnaeus, 1758


Subfamilies

  • Apinae

Honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, orchid bees and others


  • Nomadinae

Cuckoo bees


  • Xylocopinae

Carpenter bees



Apidae is the largest family within the superfamily Apoidea, containing at least 5700 species of bees. The family includes some of the most commonly seen bees, including bumblebees and honey bees, but also includes stingless bees (also used for honey production), carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees, and a number of other less widely known groups.[1][2] Many are valuable pollinators in natural habitats and for agricultural crops.[3]




Contents






  • 1 Taxonomy


    • 1.1 Subfamilies


      • 1.1.1 Apinae


      • 1.1.2 Nomadinae


      • 1.1.3 Xylocopinae






  • 2 See also


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links





Taxonomy


In addition to its historical classification (honey bees, bumble bees, stingless bees and orchid bees), the family Apidae presently includes all the genera formerly placed in the families Anthophoridae and Ctenoplectridae.[3] Although the most visible members of Apidae are social, the vast majority of apid bees are solitary, including a number of cleptoparasitic species.[4]


The old family Apidae contained four tribes (Apinae: Apini, Euglossini and Bombinae: Bombini, Meliponini) which have been reclassified as tribes of the subfamily Apinae, along with all of the former tribes of Anthophoridae (subfamily Athophorinae) and the former family Ctenoplectridae, which was demoted to tribe status. The trend to move groups down in taxonomic rank has been taken further by a 2005 Brazilian classification that places all existing bee families together under the name "Apidae",[5] but it has not been widely accepted in the literature since that time.



Subfamilies



Apinae





Amegilla cingulata—a subfamily Apinae digger bee species, of Australian blue banded bees, approaching tomato flower



  • Apinae: honey bees, bumblebees, stingless bees, orchid bees, digger bees, and 14 others.

The subfamily Apinae contains a diversity of 15 tribe lineages, the majority of which are solitary and whose nests are simple burrows in the soil.


However, honey bees, stingless bees, and bumblebees are eusocial or colonial. They are sometimes believed to have each developed this independently, and show notable differences in such characteristics as communication between workers and methods of nest construction.


Tribes include:[2]




  • Ancylaini.[6]

  • Anthophorini

  • Apini

  • Bombini

  • Centridini


  • Emphorini—(Subtribe Ancyloscelidina; Subtribe Emphorina)

  • Ericrocidini

  • Eucerini

  • Euglossini

  • Exomalopsini

  • Melectini

  • Meliponini

  • Osirini

  • Protepeolini


  • Tarsaliini[6]



Nomadinae




Subfamily Nomadinae cuckoo bee species, on flower.


The subfamily Nomadinae, or cuckoo bees, has 31 genera in 10 tribes which are all cleptoparasites in the nests of other bees.


Tribes include:[2]



  • Ammobatini

  • Ammobatoidini

  • Biastini

  • Brachynomadini


  • Epeolini—(Subtribe Epeolina; Subtribe Odyneropsina; Subtribe Thalestriina)

  • Hexepeolini

  • Neolarrini

  • Nomadini

  • Townsendiellini



Xylocopinae





Xylocopa violacea—a subfamily Xylocopinae carpenter bee, on flower.


The subfamily Xylocopinae, which includes carpenter bees, are mostly solitary, though they tend to be gregarious. Some tribe lineages, such as the Allodapini, contain eusocial species.


Most members of this subfamily make nests in plant stems or wood.


Tribes include:[2]



  • Allodapini

  • Ceratinini

  • Manueliini

  • Xylocopini



See also



  • Bee (mythology)

  • List of crop plants pollinated by bees




References





  1. ^ Danforth, Bryan N.; Cardinal, Sophie; Praz, Christophe; Almeida, Eduardo A.B.; Michez, Denis (2013). "The Impact of Molecular Data on Our Understanding of Bee Phylogeny and Evolution". Annual Review of Entomology. 58 (1): 57–78. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153633. ISSN 0066-4170..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ abcd BugGuide.Net: the Family Apidae (of bees) . accessed 6.23.2013


  3. ^ ab [Michener, Charles D. (2007) The bees of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Londres.]


  4. ^ [O'Toole, Christopher, Raw, Anthony (1999) Bees of the world. Cassell Illustrated.
    ISBN 0-8160-5712-5]


  5. ^ Gonçalves, Rodrigo B. (2005). "Higher-level bee classifications (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apidae sensu lato)". Melo, Gabriel AR, and"Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 22 (1): 153–159.


  6. ^ ab Engel, M. S.; Alqarni, A. S.; Shebl, M. A. (2017). "Discovery of the bee tribe Tarsaliini in Arabia (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with the description of a new species". American Museum Novitates. 3877: 1–28. doi:10.1206/3877.1.



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  • Arnett, R. H., Jr. (2000). "Ch. 25: Hymenoptera (Wasps, Ants, and Bees)". American insects (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 531–614. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.


  • Borror, D. J.; DeLong, D. M.; Triplehorn, C. A. (1976). An introduction to the study of insects (4th ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-088406-3.


  • Mitchell, T. B. (1962). Bees of the Eastern United States. 2. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Bul. No. 152.




External links












  • BugGuide.Net: Family Apidae—Cuckoo, Carpenter, Digger, Bumble, and Honey Bees; and other bees .

  • BugGuide.net: Native Bees of North America











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