Virginia Ratifying Convention




Convention ratifying the U.S. Constitution





Edmund Pendleton
Presiding officer


The Virginia Ratifying Convention (also historically referred to as the "Virginia Federal Convention") was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution, which had been drafted at the Philadelphia Convention the previous year.


The Convention met and deliberated from June 2 through June 27 in Richmond at the Richmond Theatre, presently the site of Monumental Church. Judge Edmund Pendleton, Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, served as the convention's president by unanimous consent.


.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}



Contents






  • 1 Background and composition


  • 2 Meeting and Debate


  • 3 Outcomes


  • 4 List of delegates and votes on ratification


  • 5 See also


  • 6 Footnotes


  • 7 References


  • 8 Further reading


    • 8.1 Primary sources




  • 9 External links





Background and composition


The Convention met from June 2–27, 1788, in the wooden "Old Capitol" building at Richmond VA, and elected Edmund Pendleton its presiding officer.[1]









History of Virginia


  • By year

  • Pre-statehood

  • American Revolution

  • U.S. Civil War

  • Post-Civil War

  • Topics: Cities - Politics - Slavery

Flag of Virginia.svg Virginia portal

  • v

  • t

  • e


The Virginia Ratifying Convention narrowly approved joining the proposed United States under a Constitution of supreme national law as authorized by "We, the People" of the United States. James Madison led those in favor, Patrick Henry, delegate to the First Continental Convention and Revolutionary wartime governor, led those opposed. Governor Edmund Randolph, who had refused to sign the Constitution in the Philadelphia Convention, chose in Virginia's Ratifying Convention to support adoption. George Mason had refused to sign due to the lack of a Bill of Rights in Philadelphia and would continue in his opposition.[2] The Virginia ratification included a recommendation for a Bill of Rights, and Madison subsequently led the First Congress to send the Bill of Rights to the states for ratification.[3]


On receiving the proposed Constitution from the Philadelphia Convention, Congress initiated a ratification procedure for the proposed Constitution which by-passed the sitting state legislatures, going directly to the people of the country, state by state. Four delegates, James Madison with Edmund Randolph for the Federalists and Patrick Henry with George Mason for the Anti-federalists made most of the speeches of the Convention; 149 of the 170 delegates were silent.[4] An early estimate gave the Federalists seeking ratification a slim margin of 86 to Anti-Federalists rejecting at 80, with four unknowns. Federalists came from the Tidewater and Northern Neck, the Shenandoah Valley and western counties, although the Kentucky counties along the Ohio River feared being abandoned to the Spanish under the new government. The Anti-federalists found strength in the central Piedmont, Southside and southwest counties.[5]



Meeting and Debate


Unlike the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, the Virginia Ratifying Convention was open to the public and crowds filled the galleries along with the press. Delegates changed sides over the debates, demonstrators paraded in the streets, and the press churned out accounts of the proceedings along with commentary pamphlets. The Federalist Papers first became a factor in state ratification conventions outside New York in Virginia.[6] Although a majority of Virginians were said to be against adoption of the Constitution, and the Anti-federalists had the oratorical advantage with Patrick Henry, the Federalists were better organized under the leadership of judges who had been trained by George Wythe, and former Continental Army officers who aligned with George Washington.[7]







  • James Madison
    Federalist






  • Patrick Henry
    Anti-Federalist






  • Edmund Randolph
    Federalist






  • George Mason
    Anti-Federalist



Patrick Henry questioned the authority of the Philadelphia Convention to presume to speak for "We, the people" instead of "We, the states". In his view, delegates should have only recommended amendments to the Articles of Confederation. Consolidated government would put an end to Virginia's liberties and state government. Nine states making a new nation without the rest would abrogate treaties and place Virginia in great peril. Edmund Randolph had changed from his opposition in the Philadelphia Convention to now supporting adoption for the sake of preserving the Union. He noted that the Confederation was "totally inadequate" and leading to American downfall. The new Constitution would repair the inadequacies of the Articles. If something were not done, the Union would be lost. The new government should be based on the people who would be governed by it, not the intermediary states. The Constitution should be ratified, along with any "practical" amendments, after the new nation was begun.[8]


George Mason countered that a national, consolidated government would overburden Virginians with direct taxes in addition to state taxes, and that government of an extensive territory must necessarily destroy liberty. Although he conceded that the Confederation government was "inefficient", he wanted a clear line between the jurisdictions of the federal and state governments, including the judiciary, because he feared the shared powers would lead to "the destruction of one or the other."[9] Madison pointed out that the history of Confederations like that provided in the Articles of Confederation government were inadequate in the long run, both with the ancients and with the modern (1700s) Germans, Dutch and Swiss. They brought "anarchy and confusion", disharmony and foreign invasion. Efficient government can only come from direct operation on individuals, it can never flow from negotiations among a confederation's constituent states. The proposed Constitution creates a republic with each branch of government grounded in the people without hereditary offices. Its mixed nature was both federated and consolidated, but in all cases was based on "the superior power of the people". The states would remain important because the House of Representatives were chosen by people in each state, and the Senate was chosen by the state legislatures. The Constitution limited the national government to enumerated powers.[10]


The Virginia Ratification (Federal) Convention made a final vote on George Wythe's motion to ratify, passing it 89 to 79. Virginians reserved the right to withdraw from the new government as "the People of the United States", "whenever the powers granted unto it should be perverted to their injury or oppression," but it also held that failings in the Constitution should be remedied by amendment.[11] Unlike the Pennsylvania Convention where the Federalists railroaded the Anti-federalists in an all or nothing choice, in the Virginia Convention the Federalists made efforts to reconcile with the Anti-federalists by recommending amendments like that of Virginia's Bill of Rights preamble to its 1776 Constitution.[12]



Outcomes




"Old Capitol" where the Ratifying (Federal) Convention met, 1788.[13]


Virginia was the tenth state to ratify the new Constitution. New York followed a month later on July 26, 1788. The new government began operating with eleven states on March 4, 1789.


The convention recommended the addition of a bill of rights, but did not make ratification contingent upon it.[14]


Many of the ideas presented during this convention were later incorporated into the United States Bill of Rights. James Madison, elected to Congress from his home district was a floor leader in the first session of the First Congress. Madison rewrote the various state proposals into twelve proposals from Congress as amended, sent to the States for ratification by three-fourths of them.


Patrick Henry's hostility to the government under the Constitution was so strong that he subsequently refused to join it, turning down offers to serve as United States Secretary of State and as a justice of the United States Supreme Court. His control of the Virginia legislature enabled his partisans to elect the only two Anti-Federalist U.S. Senators in the First Congress.



List of delegates and votes on ratification


The following list is of the delegates to the Virginia ratifying convention and their vote on ratification.[15][16] A total of 170 delegates were elected. Of these, 168 voted on ratification: 89 for, 79 against.[16] The delegates included representatives from modern-day Kentucky and West Virginia, which were part of Virginia at the time.





Plaque marking the site of the Virginia Federal Constitution, Richmond VA[17]



























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































County/City
 Name
 Vote on Ratification

Accomac
 Edmund Curtis
 No

Accomac
 George Parker
 Yes

Albemarle
 George Nicolas
 Yes

Albemarle
 Wilson Cary Nicolas
 Yes

Amelia
John Pride
 No

Amelia
 Edmund Booker
 No

Amherst
William Cabell
 No

Amherst
Samuel Jordan Cabell
 No

Augusta
 Zachariah Johnston
 Yes

Augusta
 Archibald Stuart
 Yes

Bedford
John Trigg
 No

Bedford
 Charles Clay
 No

Berkeley
William Darke (or Dark)
 Yes

Berkeley
Adam Stephen
 Yes

Botetourt
William Fleming
 Yes

Botetourt
 Martin M'Ferran (or McFerran)
 Yes

Bourbon
 Henry Lee (of Bourbon)
 No

Bourbon
 Notley Conn
 Did not vote[18]

Brunswick
 John Jones
 No

Brunswick
 Binns Jones
 No

Buckingham
 Charles Patteson
 No

Buckingham
 David Bell
 No

Campbell
 Robert Alexander
 No

Campbell
 Edmund Winston
 No

Caroline
 Hon. Edmund Pendleton
 Yes

Caroline
 James Taylor (of Caroline)
 Yes

Charlotte
 Thomas Read
 No

Charlotte
 Hon. Paul Carrington
 Yes

Charles City
Benjamin Harrison V
 No

Charles City
 Hon. John Tyler, Sr.
 No

Chesterfield
 David Patteson
 Yes

Chesterfield
 Stephen Pankey, Jr.
 No

Cumberland
 Joseph Michaux
 No

Cumberland
 Thomas H. Drew
 No

Culpeper
French Strother
 No

Culpeper
 Joel Early
 No

Dinwiddie
 Joseph Jones
 No

Dinwiddie
 William Watkins
 No

Elizabeth City
 Miles King
 Yes

Elizabeth City
 Worlich Westwood
 Yes

Essex
 James Upshaw (or Upshur)
 No

Essex
Meriwether Smith
 No

Fairfax
David Stuart
 Yes

Fairfax
Charles Simms
 Yes

Fayette
Humphrey Marshall
 Yes

Fayette
John Fowler
 No

Fauquier
 Martin Pickett
 Yes

Fauquier
 Humphrey Brooke
 Yes

Fluvanna
 Samuel Richardson
 No

Fluvanna
 Joseph Haden
 No

Frederick
 John Sheaman Woodcock
 Yes

Frederick
Alexander White
 Yes

Franklin
 John Early
 No

Franklin
 Thomas Arthur (or Arthurs)
 No

Gloucester
 Warner Lewis
 Yes

Gloucester
 Thomas Smith
 Yes

Goochland
 John Guerrant
 No

Goochland
 William Sampson
 No

Greenbrier
 George Clendenin
 Yes

Greenbrier
John Stuart (or Stewart)
 Yes

Greensville
 William Mason
 Yes

Greensville
 Daniel Fisher
 Yes

Halifax
 Isaac Coles
 No

Halifax
 George Carrington
 No

Hampshire
 Andrew Woodrow
 Yes

Hampshire
 Ralph Humphreys
 Yes

Hanover
 Parke Goodall
 No

Hanover
 John Carter Littlepage
 No

Hardy
 Isaac Vanmeter
 Yes

Hardy
 Abel Seymour
 Yes

Harrison
George Jackson
 Yes

Harrison
 John Prunty
 Yes

Henrico
 Governor Edmund Randolph
 Yes

Henrico
John Marshall
 Yes

Henry
 Thomas Cooper
 No

Henry
 John Marr
 No

Isle of Wight
 Thomas Pierce

Isle of Wight
James Johnson
 Yes

James City
Nathaniel Burwell
 Yes

James City
Robert Andrews
 Yes

Jefferson
 Robert Breckenridge
 Yes

Jefferson
 Rice Bullock
 Yes

King and Queen
 William Fleet
 Yes

King and Queen
John Roane

King George
 Burdet Ashton
 Yes

King George
 William Thornton
 Yes

King William
 Holt Richeson
 No

King William
 Benjamin Temple
 No

Lancaster
 James Gordon (of Lancaster)
 Yes

Lancaster
 Henry Towles
 Yes

Loudoun
Stevens Thomson Mason
 No

Loudoun
 Levin Powell
 Yes

Louisa
William Overton Callis
 Yes

Louisa
 William White
 No

Lunenburg
 Jonathan Patteson
 No

Lunenburg
 Christopher Robertson
 No

Lincoln
 John Logan
 No

Lincoln
 Henry Pawling
 No

Madison
 John Miller
 No

Madison
Green Clay
 No

Mecklenburg
 Samuel Hopkins, Jr.
 No

Mecklenburg
 Richard Kennon
 No

Mercer
 Thomas Allen
 No

Mercer
 Alexander Robertson
 No

Middlesex
 Ralph Wormley, Jr.
 Yes

Middlesex
 Francis Corbin
 Yes

Monongalia
 John Evans
 No

Monongalia
 William McClerry
 Yes

Montgomery
 Walter Crockett
 No

Montgomery
Abraham Trigg
 No

Nansemond
 Willis Riddick
 Yes

Nansemond
 Solomon Shepherd
 Yes

New Kent
 William Clayton
 Yes

New Kent
Burwell Bassett
 Yes

Nelson
 Matthew Walton
 No

Nelson
 John Steele
 No

Norfolk
 James Webb
 Yes

Norfolk
 James Taylor (of Norfolk)
 Yes

Northampton
 John Stringer
 Yes

Northampton
 Littleton Eyre
 Yes

Northumberland
Walter Jones
 Yes

Northumberland
 Thomas Gaskins
 Yes

Ohio
 Archibald Woods
 Yes

Ohio
Ebenezer Zane
 Yes

Orange
James Madison, Jr.
 Yes

Orange
 James Gordon (of Orange)
 Yes

Pittsylvania
 Robert Williams
 No

Pittsylvania
 John Wilson (of Pittsylvania)
 No

Powhatan
 William Ronald (or Roland)
 Yes

Powhatan
 Thomas Turpin, Jr.
 No

Prince Edward
Patrick Henry
 No

Prince Edward
 Robert Lawson
 No

Prince George
Theodorick Bland (or Theodoric Bland)
 No

Prince George
 Edmund Ruffin
 No

Prince William
William Grayson
 No

Prince William
Cuthbert Bullitt
 No

Princess Anne
 Anthony Walke
 Yes

Princess Anne
 Thomas Walke
 Yes

Randolph
 Benjamin Wilson
 Yes

Randolph
 John Wilson (of Randolph)
 Yes

Richmond
 Walker Tomlin
 Yes

Richmond
 William Peachy
 Yes

Rockbridge
 William McKee
 Yes

Rockbridge
 Andrew Moore
 Yes

Rockingham
Thomas Lewis
 Yes

Rockingham
Gabriel Jones
 Yes

Russell
 Thomas Carter
 No

Russell
 Henry Dickenson (or Dickinson)
 No

Shenandoah
 Jacob Rinker
 Yes

Shenandoah
 John Williams
 Yes

Southampton
 Benjamin Blout (or Blunt)
 Yes

Southampton
 Samuel Killo (or Kello)
 Yes

Spotsylvania
James Monroe
 No

Spotsylvania
John Dawson
 No

Stafford
George Mason
 No

Stafford
 Andrew Buchanan
 No

Surry
John Hartwell Cocke
 Yes

Surry
 John Allen
 Yes

Sussex
 John Howell Briggs
 No

Sussex
 Thomas Edmunds
 No

Warwick
 Cole Digges
 Yes

Warwick
 Hon. Richard Cary
 No

Washington
 Samuel Edmison
 No

Washington
 James Montgomery
 No

Westmoreland
Henry Lee III (of Westmoreland)
 Yes

Westmoreland
Bushrod Washington
 Yes

York
 Hon. John Blair Jr.
 Yes

York
 Hon. George Wythe
 Yes

Williamsburg
 James Innes
 Yes

Norfolk Borough
 Thomas Mathews (or Matthews)
 Yes


See also


  • Virginia Conventions


Footnotes





  1. ^ Grigsby, Hugh Blair. The History of the Virginia Federal Convention: 1788. Da Capo Press, New York 1969 p.67.


  2. ^ Grigsby, Hugh Blair (1890). Brock, R.A. (ed.). The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 With Some Account of the Eminent Virginians of that Era who were Members of the Body. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society. New Series. Volume IX. 1. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Historical Society. OCLC 41680515..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} p. 346


  3. ^ Heinemann, Ronald L., et al. Old Domion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia, 1607–2007, 2008
    ISBN 978-0-8139-2769-5, p. 145-147


  4. ^ Dabney, Virginius. Virginia: the New Dominion. 1971.
    ISBN 978-0-8139-1015-4, p.172


  5. ^ Heinemann, Ronald L., et al. Old Domion, New Commonwealth: a history of Virginia, 1607–2007, 2008
    ISBN 978-0-8139-2769-5, p. 145


  6. ^ Maier, Pauline. Ratification: the people debate the Constitution, 1778–1788, 2010,
    ISBN 978-0-6848-6855-4,
    p. 257


  7. ^ Dabney, Virginius. Virginia: the new Dominion.
    ISBN 978-0-8139-1015-4, 1971 p. 171-2


  8. ^ Maier 2010, p. 260-261


  9. ^ Maier 2010, p. 261-262


  10. ^ Maier 2010, p. 268-270


  11. ^ Maier, 2010, p. 306


  12. ^ Maier 2010, p. 308


  13. ^ Grigsby, Hugh Blair. The History of the Virginia Federal Convention: 1788. Da Capo Press, New York 1969 p.67. Initially built as the New Academy by the Chevalier Quesnay, subsequently the Richmond Theater


  14. ^ "Virginia ratification" Avalon Law Project, Yale University. Viewed November 11, 2011.


  15. ^ Delegates Returned to Serve in Convention of March 1788, in Hugh Blair Grigsby, The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788: With Some Account of Eminent Virginians of that Era who Were Members of the Body.


  16. ^ ab David L. Pulliam, The Constitutional Conventions of Virginia from the Foundation of the Commonwealth to the Present Time (1901), pp. 38-39, 46-47.


  17. ^ Chevalier Quesnay's "New Academy" had failed in 1786. It was renamed "The Theatre Square" at the time of the Ratification Convention. The wooden structure was torn down, and a masonry "Richmond Theater" erected in 1810. It burned in 1811, and a memorial Church built in memoriam to the 72 victims. Southern Democrats nominated Breckinridge in 1860 at the 1817 "New Richmond Theatre" at another site. The plaque's location is in Richmond's West Hospital. The original building, a converted theater, is gone.


  18. ^ Lowell H. Harrison & James C. Klotter, A New History of Kentucky (University Press of Kentucky, 1997): "The convention ratified the Constitutuion on June 25, 1788, by a vote of 89-79, with ten of the fourteen Kentucky delegates voting in the negative. Humphrey Marshall, Robert Breckinridge, and Rice Bullock favored acceptance; for some reason, delegate Notley Conn did not vote.)




References



  • Labunski, Richard E. James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

  • Elliot, Jonathan. The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution..., vol. 3. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1891.



Further reading




  • Grigsby, Hugh Blair (1890). Brock, R.A. (ed.). The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 With Some Account of the Eminent Virginians of that Era who were Members of the Body. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society. New Series. Volume IX. 1. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Historical Society. OCLC 41680515. At Google Books. Contains records of resolutions and individual votes at the ratification convention and short biographical sketches of five future U.S. office holders J. Marshall, J. Madison, J. Monroe, John Tyler, B. Harrison. Five famous "old men of the Convention" are outlined, P. Henry, G. Mason, G. Wythe, E. Randolph, Henry Lee and E. Pendleton, as well as lesser-knowns.

  • Maier, Pauline. Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788 (2010) pp 235–319; the standard scholarly study

  • Shepard, E. Lee, comp. Reluctant Ratifiers: Virginia Considers the Federal Constitution. Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1988.
    ISBN 0-945015-01-1.

  • Thomas, Robert E. "The Virginia Convention of 1788: A Criticism of Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution", The Journal of Southern History 19, no. 1 (Feb., 1953), pp. 63–72.



Primary sources




  • Kaminski,John P.; Saladino, Gaspare J.; Leffler, Richard, eds. (1982). The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification of the Constitution by the States: Virginia (1). 8. Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. ISBN 9780870202575. OCLC 19749336.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)


  • Kaminski,John P.; Saladino, Gaspare J.; Leffler, Richard, eds. (1990). The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification of the Constitution by the States: Virginia (2). 9. Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. ISBN 9780870202582. OCLC 763003075.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)


  • Kaminski, John P., Saladino, Gaspare J., Leffler, Richard: Schoenleber, Charles H., eds. (1993). The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution: Ratification of the Constitution by the States: Virginia (3). 10. Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. ISBN 0870202634. OCLC 258057019.CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)



External links



  • "Patrick Henry, Virginia Ratifying Convention, 5-16 June 1788"

  • "George Mason and the Constitution"

  • Text of the debates

  • Text of the ratification


  • Debates and other proceedings of the Convention of Virginia … 1788 Hunter and Prentis, Petersburg, ebook free online.










Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Monte Carlo

Image
For other uses, see Monte Carlo (disambiguation). Quarter and ward of Monaco in Monaco Monte Carlo Quarter and ward of Monaco Monte Carlo in Monaco (Ward shown) Monte Carlo Location in relation to France Coordinates: 43°44′23″N 7°25′38″E  /  43.73972°N 7.42722°E  / 43.73972; 7.42722 Coordinates: 43°44′23″N 7°25′38″E  /  43.73972°N 7.42722°E  / 43.73972; 7.42722 Country   Monaco Government  • Type Principality Area  • Urban 0.61 km 2 (.234 sq mi) Population  • Quarter and ward of Monaco 15,200 (in the quarter)  3,500 (in the ward) Postcode 98000 Monte Carlo ( / ˈ m ɒ n t i ˈ k ɑːr l oʊ / ; Italian:  [ˈmonte ˈkarlo] ; French: Monte-Carlo [mɔ̃te kaʁlo] , or colloquially Monte-Carl [mɔ̃te kaʁl] ; Monégasque: Munte Carlu ) officially refers to an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino is located. Informally the name also refers to a ...
Read more

孟学农

Image
body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center} 孟学农 北京市人民政府市长 任期 2003年1月 － 4月 山西省人民政府省长 任期 2007年9月 － 2008年9月 个人资料 性别 男 出生 1949年8月（69歲）   中華民國山东省蓬莱县 籍贯 中國山东 政党  中国共产党 学历 中国人民大学马列主义专业 工学硕士 经历 北京市副市长 (1993年2月–2003年1月) 全国人大澳门特别行政区筹委会委员 (1998年5月–1999年2月) 中共中央委员 (2002年11月–至今) 中共北京市委副书记 (2002年12月–2003年4月) 北京市市长 (2003年1月–4月) 国务院南水北调工程建设委员会办公室副主任 (2003年9月–2007年7月) 中共山西省委副书记 (2007年8月–2008年9月) 山西省省长 (2007年9月–2008年9月) 中央直属机关工委副书记 (2010年1月至今) 第十二届全国政协常务委员 (2013年3月－2018年3月) 孟学农 （1949年8月 － ），中国山东省蓬莱县人；毕业于中国人民大学马列主义专业，工学硕士。1972年7月加入中国共产党；是中共第十六、十七、十八届中央委员。现任第十二届全国政协常务委员会委员、全国政协社会和法制委员会主任。 曾在2003年1月当选北京市市长；三个月后，因处理SARS事件不力，引咎辞职。2007年9月，出任山西省省長；一年后，又因襄汾尾矿库溃坝事故，再度引咎辞职。 目录 1 从政经历 1.1 “短命”市长 1.2 东山再起 1.3 二度复出 2 家族关系 3 参考文献 从政经历 1968年高中毕业后的孟学农，没有像当时多数同龄人一样“上山下乡”，而是进入北京第二汽车制造厂当工人。在工作期间，孟学农加入了中国共产党，还担任了该厂共青团委书记。而后，他又被北京团市委看中，于1970年代末期曾调入共青团北京市委工交部工作，开始...
Read more