Psychomotor retardation

Psychomotor retardation
Synonyms	Psychomotor impairment, motormental retardation, psychomotor slowing

Psychomotor retardation involves a slowing-down of thought and a reduction of physical movements in an individual. Psychomotor retardation can cause a visible slowing of physical and emotional reactions, including speech and affect.^[1]

Psychomotor retardation is most-commonly seen in people with major depression and in the depressed phase of bipolar disorder;^[2] it is also associated with the adverse effects of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines.^[3] Particularly in an inpatient setting, psychomotor retardation may require increased nursing care to ensure adequate food and fluid intake and sufficient personal care. Informed consent for treatment is more difficult to achieve in the presence of this condition.^{[citation needed]}

Contents

• 
  1 Causes
  


• 
  2 Examples
  


• 
  3 See also
  


• 
  4 References
  


• 
  5 External links
  

Causes

• Psychiatric disorders – schizophrenia, severe depression, bipolar disorder, etc.


• Psychological disorders – eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, etc.


• Psychiatric medicines (if taken improperly, overdosed, or mixed with alcohol)


• 
  Parkinson's disease^[4]
  

Examples

Examples of psychomotor retardation include the following:

• Unaccountable difficulty in carrying out what are usually considered "automatic" or "mundane" self-care tasks for healthy people (i.e., without depressive illness) such as taking a shower, dressing, self-grooming, cooking, brushing one's teeth and exercising.


• Physical difficulty performing activities which normally would require little thought or effort such as walking up a flight of stairs, getting out of bed, preparing meals and clearing dishes from the table, household chores or returning phone calls.


• Tasks requiring mobility suddenly (or gradually) and inexplicably seem to be "impossible". Activities such as shopping, getting groceries, caring for the daily needs of one's children and meeting the demands of employment or school are commonly affected.


• Activities usually requiring little mental effort can become challenging. Balancing one's checkbook, making a shopping list or making decisions about mundane tasks (such as deciding what errands need to be done) are often difficult.

In schizophrenia, activity level may vary from psychomotor retardation to agitation; the patient will experience periods of listlessness and may be unresponsive, and at the next moment be active and energetic.^[5]

See also

• Psychomotor learning


• Psychomotor agitation

References

1. 
   ^ Tryon, W.W. 1991.Activity Measurement in Psychology and Medicine. Springer Publishing
   


2. 
   ^ Buyukdura JS, McClintock SM, Croarkin PE (2011). "Psychomotor retardation in depression: biological underpinnings, measurement, and treatment". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 35 (2): 395–409. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.019. PMC 3646325. PMID 21044654..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


3. 
   ^ Allgulander, C.; Bandelow, B.; Hollander, E.; Montgomery, SA.; Nutt, DJ.; Okasha, A.; Pollack, MH.; Stein, DJ.; et al. (Aug 2003). "WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder". CNS Spectr. 8 (8 Suppl 1): 53–61. PMID 14767398.
   


4. 
   ^ "Psychomotor retardation". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
   


5. 
   ^ Christopher D. Frith (1 January 1995). The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Lawrence Erlbaum. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-86377-334-1. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
   

External links

Classification	D ICD-9-CM: 308.2 MeSH: D011596

v t e Mental and behavioral disorders (F00–F99 & 290–319)
Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer's disease Vascular dementia Pick's disease Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Huntington's disease Parkinson's disease AIDS dementia complex Frontotemporal dementia Sundowning Wandering Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome Savant syndrome PDD-NOS High-functioning autism Other Delirium Post-concussion syndrome Organic brain syndrome
Psychoactive substances, substance abuse and substance-related disorders Intoxication/Drug overdose Physical dependence Substance dependence Rebound effect Double rebound Withdrawal Stimulant psychosis
Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional Psychosis and schizophrenia-like disorders Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Brief reactive psychosis Schizophrenia Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Simple-type schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Delusional disorders Delusional disorder Folie à deux
Mood (affective) Mania Bipolar disorder Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS Depression Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Panic disorder Panic attack Generalized anxiety disorder OCD stress Acute stress reaction PTSD Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Somatic symptom disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis Nosophobia Da Costa's syndrome Psychalgia Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis Neurasthenia Mass psychogenic illness Dissociative disorder Dissociative identity disorder Psychogenic amnesia Fugue state Depersonalization disorder
Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome NOS Nonorganic sleep disorders Hypersomnia Insomnia Parasomnia REM sleep behavior disorder Night terror Nightmare Sexual dysfunction sexual desire Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypersexuality sexual arousal Female sexual arousal disorder Erectile dysfunction orgasm Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia pain Vaginismus Dyspareunia Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis
Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Sexual maturation disorder Ego-dystonic sexual orientation Sexual relationship disorder Paraphilia Voyeurism Fetishism Other Personality disorder Impulse control disorder Kleptomania Trichotillomania Pyromania Dermatillomania Factitious disorder Munchausen syndrome
Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability Lujan–Fryns syndrome Psychological development (developmental disabilities) Specific Pervasive Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ODD Emotional/behavioral disorder Separation anxiety disorder social functioning Selective mutism RAD DAD Tic disorder Tourette syndrome Speech Stuttering Cluttering Movement disorders Stereotypic
Symptoms and uncategorized Catatonia False pregnancy Intermittent explosive disorder Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures Klüver–Bucy syndrome

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