Hypersexuality




"Nymphomaniac" redirects here. For the film, see Nymphomaniac (film).







Hypersexuality
Specialty Psychiatry

Hypersexuality is a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare professionals for extremely frequent or suddenly increased libido. Nymphomania and satyriasis were terms previously used for the condition, in women and men respectively.


Hypersexuality may be a primary condition, or the symptom of another medical disease or condition, for example Klüver-Bucy syndrome or bipolar disorder. Hypersexuality may also present as a side effect of medication such as drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease, or through the administering of hormones such as testosterone and estrogen during hormone therapy.
Clinicians have yet to reach a consensus over how best to describe hypersexuality as a primary condition,[1][2][3] or to determine the appropriateness of describing such behaviors and impulses as a separate pathology.


Hypersexual behaviours are viewed variously by clinicians and therapists as a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or "OCD-spectrum disorder", an addiction,[4][5][6] or a disorder of impulsivity. A number of authors do not acknowledge such a pathology[7] and instead assert that the condition merely reflects a cultural dislike of exceptional sexual behavior.[8][9]


Consistent with there not being any consensus over what causes hypersexuality,[10] authors have used many different labels to refer to it, sometimes interchangeably, but often depending on which theory they favor or which specific behavior they were studying. Contemporary names include compulsive masturbation, compulsive sexual behavior,[11][12] cybersex addiction, erotomania, "excessive sexual drive",[13] hyperphilia,[14] hypersexuality,[15][16] hypersexual disorder,[17] problematic hypersexuality,[18]sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity,[19] sexual dependency,[9] sexual impulsivity,[20] "out of control sexual behavior",[21] and paraphilia-related disorder.[22][23][24]




Contents






  • 1 Terminology


  • 2 Causes


  • 3 As a symptom


  • 4 As a disorder


  • 5 Treatment


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





Terminology


The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines hypersexual as "exhibiting unusual or excessive concern with or indulgence in sexual activity".[25]Sexologists have been using the term hypersexuality since the late 1800s, when Krafft-Ebing described several cases of extreme sexual behaviours in his seminal 1886 book, Psychopathia Sexualis.[26][10] The author used the term "hypersexuality" to describe conditions that would now be termed premature ejaculation. Terms to describe males with the condition include donjuanist,[27]satyromaniac,[28]satyriac[29] and satyriasist,[30] for women clitoromaniac,[31]nympho and nymphomaniac,[32] for teleiophilic heterosexual women andromaniac,[33] while hypersexualist, sexaholic,[34]onanist, hyperphiliac and erotomaniac[35] are gender neutral terms.[36]


Other, mostly historical, names include Don Juanism, the Messalina complex,[37] sexaholism[38] hyperlibido[39] and furor uterinus.[40]



Causes


There is little consensus among experts as to the causes of hypersexuality. Some research suggests that some cases can be linked to biochemical or physiological changes that accompany dementia. Psychological needs also complicate the biological explanation, which identifies the temporal/frontal lobe of the brain as the area for regulating libido. Persons suffering from injuries to this part of the brain are at increased risk for aggressive behavior and other behavioral problems including personality changes and socially inappropriate sexual behavior such as hypersexuality.[41] The same symptom can occur after unilateral temporal lobotomy.[42] There are other biological factors that are associated with hypersexuality such as premenstrual changes, and the exposure to virilising hormones in childhood or in utero.[43]


In research involving use of antiandrogens to reduce undesirable sexual behaviour such as hypersexuality, testosterone has been found to be necessary, but not sufficient, for sexual drive.[43] Other proposed factors include a lack of physical closeness, and forgetfulness of the recent past.[44]


Pathogenic overactivity of the dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway in the brain—forming either psychiatrically, during mania,[45] or pharmacologically, as a side effect of dopamine agonists, specifically D3-preferring agonists[46][47]—is associated with various addictions[48][49] and has been shown to result among some in overindulgent, sometimes hypersexual, behavior.[45][46][47]


The American Association for Sex Addiction Therapy acknowledges biological factors as contributing causes of sex addiction. Other associated factors include psychological components (which affect mood and motivation as well as psychomotoric and cognitive functions[50]), spiritual control, mood disorders, sexual trauma, and intimacy anorexia as causes or type of sex addiction.[51]



As a symptom


Hypersexuality is known to present itself as a symptom in connection to a number of mental and neurological disorders. Some people with borderline personality disorder (sometimes referred to as BPD) can be markedly impulsive, seductive, and extremely sexual. Sexual promiscuity, sexual obsessions, and hypersexuality are very common symptoms for both men and women with BPD. On occasion for some there can be extreme forms of paraphilic drives and desires. "Borderline" patients, due in the opinion of some to the use of splitting, experience love and sexuality in unstable ways.[52]


People with bipolar disorder may often display tremendous swings in sex drive depending on their mood. As defined in the DSM-IV-TR, hypersexuality can be a symptom of hypomania or mania in bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. Pick's disease causes damage to the temporal/frontal lobe of the brain; people with Pick's disease show a range of socially inappropriate behaviors.[53]


Several neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, autism,[54][55] various types of brain injury,[56]Klüver–Bucy syndrome,[57]Kleine–Levin syndrome,[58] and many more neurodegenerative diseases can cause hypersexual behavior. Sexually inappropriate behavior has been shown to occur in 7-8% of Alzheimer's patients living at home, at a care facility or in a hospital setting. Hypersexuality has also been reported to result as a side-effect of some medications used to treat Parkinson's disease.[59][60] Some street drugs, such as methamphetamine, may also contribute to hypersexual behavior.[61]


A positive link between the severity of dementia and occurrence of inappropriate behavior has also been found.[62] Hypersexuality can be caused by dementia in a number of ways, including disinhibition due to organic disease, misreading of social cues, understimulation, the persistence of learned sexual behaviour after other behaviours have been lost, and the side-effects of the drugs used to treat dementia.[63] Other possible causes of dementia-related hypersexuality include an inappropriately expressed psychological need for intimacy and forgetfulness of the recent past.[64] As this illness progresses, increasing hypersexuality has been theorized to sometimes compensate for declining self-esteem and cognitive function.[44]


Symptoms of hypersexuality are also similar to those of sexual addiction in that they embody similar traits. These symptoms include the inability to be intimate (intimacy anorexia), depression and bipolar disorders.[65] The resulting hypersexuality may have an impact in the person's social and occupational domains if the underlying symptoms have a large enough systemic influence.[66][67]



As a disorder


Main articles: Sexual addiction and Hypersexual disorder

As of 2010[update], a proposal to add Sexual Addiction to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) system has failed to get support of the American Psychiatric Association (APA).[68][69][70] The DSM does include an entry called Sexual Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Sexual Disorder NOS) to apply to, among other conditions, "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual relationships involving a succession of lovers who are experienced by the individual only as things to be used".[71]


The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) of the World Health Organization (WHO), includes two relevant entries. One is "Excessive Sexual Drive" (coded F52.7),[72] which is divided into satyriasis for males and nymphomania for females. The other is "Excessive Masturbation" or "Onanism (excessive)" (coded F98.8).[73]


Some authors have questioned whether it makes sense to discuss hypersexuality at all, arguing that labeling sexual urges "extreme" merely stigmatizes people who do not conform to the norms of their culture or peer group.[8]


The ICD-11 has created a new condition classification, compulsive sexual behavior, to cover " a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour".[74][75]



Treatment


Hypersexuality may negatively impact an individual. The concept of hypersexuality as an addiction was started in the 1970s by former members of Alcoholics Anonymous who felt they experienced a similar lack of control and compulsivity with sexual behaviors as with alcohol.[8][76] Multiple 12-step style self-help groups now exist for people who identify as sex addicts, including Sex Addicts Anonymous, Sexaholics Anonymous, Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous, and Sexual Compulsives Anonymous. Some hypersexuals may treat their condition with the usage of medication (such as Cyproterone acetate) or any foods considered to be anaphrodisiacs.[77] Other hypersexuals may choose a route of consultation, such as psychotherapy, self-help groups or counselling.[78]



See also




  • Erotophilia

  • Persistent genital arousal disorder

  • Pornography addiction

  • Sexual Compulsivity Scale



References





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本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして...
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