New Braunfels, Texas




City in Texas, United States




































































































New Braunfels, Texas
City
City of New Braunfels

Top, left to right: Guadalupe River, August Dietz Cottage, First Protestant Church, Comal River in Landa Park, Schlitterbahn, Hotel Faust
Top, left to right: Guadalupe River, August Dietz Cottage, First Protestant Church, Comal River in Landa Park, Schlitterbahn, Hotel Faust



Official logo of New Braunfels, Texas
Logo of New Braunfels


Location of New Braunfels in Texas
Location of New Braunfels in Texas

Coordinates: 29°42′N 98°7′W / 29.700°N 98.117°W / 29.700; -98.117Coordinates: 29°42′N 98°7′W / 29.700°N 98.117°W / 29.700; -98.117
Country
 United States
State
 Texas
Counties
Comal, Guadalupe
Founded 1845 (1845)
Government

 • Type Council-Manager
 • City Council
Mayor Barron Casteel (2014)
George Green
Aja Edwards
Ron Reaves (Mayor Pro Tem)
Chris Monceballez
Wayne Peters
Leah A. Garcia
 • City Manager
 Robert Camareno
Area

 • Total 44.9 sq mi (116.4 km2)
 • Land 44.4 sq mi (115.1 km2)
 • Water 0.5 sq mi (1.3 km2)
Elevation

 630 ft (192 m)
Population
(2010)

 • Total 57,740
 • Estimate 
(2017)

 79,152
 • Density 1,513/sq mi (584.3/km2)
  [1]
Time zone
UTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
78130-78133
Area code(s) 830
FIPS code 48-50820[2]

GNIS feature ID		 1342440[3]
Website nbtexas.org

New Braunfels (/ˈbrɔːnfɛlz/ (About this soundlisten) BRAWN-felz) is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas, located in the northeastern part of Greater San Antonio. It is the seat of Comal County[4] and 32 miles (51 km) from Downtown San Antonio. The city covers 44.9 square miles (116 km2) and has a 2017 estimated population of 79,152.[5]




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Geography


    • 2.1 Climate




  • 3 Education


  • 4 Gruene


  • 5 Demographics


  • 6 Economy


    • 6.1 Top employers




  • 7 Recreation and tourism


  • 8 Media communications


  • 9 Notable people


  • 10 See also


  • 11 References


  • 12 Further reading


  • 13 External links





History




German immigrants on the way to New Braunfels (1844)


Further information: Friedrich Armand Strubberg

New Braunfels was established in 1845 by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, Commissioner General of the Adelsverein, also known as the Noblemen's Society (in German: Mainzer Adelsverein). Prince Solms named the settlement in honor of his home of Solms-Braunfels, Germany.


The Adelsverein organized hundreds of people in Germany to settle in Texas. Immigrants from Germany began arriving at Galveston in July 1844. Most then traveled by ship to Indianola in December 1844, and began the overland journey to the Fisher-Miller land grant purchased by Prince Solms.[6] At the urging of John Coffee Hays, who realized the settlers would not have time to build homes and plant crops further inland before winter, and as the German settlers were traveling inland along the Guadalupe River, they stopped near the Comal Springs. Prince Solms bought two leagues of land from Rafael Garza and Maria Antonio Veramendi Garza for $1,111.00.[7]


The land was located northeast of San Antonio on El Camino Real de los Tejas and had the strong freshwater Comal Springs, known as Las Fontanas, when the Germans arrived.[8][9][10] It was about halfway between Indianola and the lower portions of the Fisher-Miller land grant. The first settlers forded the Guadalupe River on Good Friday, March 21, 1845, near the present-day Faust Street bridge.[11][12]


As the spring of 1845 progressed, the settlers built the "Zinkenburg", a fort named for Adelsverein civil engineer Nicolaus Zink, divided the land, and began building homes and planting crops.[13] Prince Solms would also lay the cornerstone for the Sophienburg, a permanent fort and center for the immigrant association.[14]


In 1844, Prince Solms was so disillusioned with the logistics of the colonization that he asked the Vereins to remove him as commissioner-general and appoint a successor.[15] When John O. Meusebach arrived, the finances were in disarray, due in part to Prince Solms' lack of business experience and his refusal to keep financial records. To a larger degree, the financial situation happened because the Adelsverein was an organization of noblemen with no practical backgrounds at running businesses. They were on the other side of the world and did not witness the situation with which both Prince Solms and Meusebach were dealing. Henry Francis Fisher had not supplied transport and supplies for which the Verein advanced money to him. Meusebach found Prince Solms in Galveston trying to return to Germany, detained by authorities for unpaid bills. Meusebach made good on the debts, so Prince Solms could depart.[16]


Meusebach discovered that Prince Solms' choice of the inadequate Carlshafen (Indianola) as a port of entry, as well as the isolated route to New Braunfels, was deliberately chosen to keep the Germans from interacting with any Americans. According to Nicolaus Zink,[17] Prince Solms had planned to establish a German feudal state by secretly bringing in immigrants and placing them in military fortresses. Meusebach, who had renounced his own title of nobility, took a different approach and invited Americans to settle in the Vereins territory.[18]




Old map (1881)


Prince Solms, being an officer of the Imperial Army of Austria, had kept a uniformed military unit at the ready in Indianola. Meusebach converted the military unit to a more needed work detail.[19] A finance and business structure for the colony was put in place by Meusebach.[20] He also provided for adequate food and shelter for the colonists.[21] On August 11, 1845, Hermann Friedrich Seele[22] became the first teacher for the German-English school in New Braunfels.[23] Meusebach established friendly relations with a local tribe of Waco Indians. Upon seeing his reddish-blonde hair, they called him Ma-be-quo-si-to-mu, "Chief with the burning hair of the head".[24]



In May 1846, Meusebach received a letter from Count Castell informing him 4,304 emigrants were on their way to Texas. With no funds and no new settlements, the mass of emigrants was stalled at Carlshafen. Meusebach's requests to the Verein for more money, and his warnings of pending bankruptcy for the Verein, brought no results. As a last resort, Meusebach instructed D.H. Klaener to publish the plight in the German news media. Embarrassed by the publicity, the Verein established a $60,000 letter of credit.[25] The amount was not adequate for sustaining the total number of German emigrants in Texas, but Castell also sent Philip Cappes as special commissioner to observe the situation. Cappes had also been instructed by Castell to observe Meusebach and to secretly report back every detail.[26] By the time Cappes departed in March 1847, he recommended another $200,000 be advanced.[27]




Front page of the Neu-Braunfelser Zeitung on September 16, 1853


Cappes invited Henry Francis Fisher to New Braunfels, in spite of Fisher not being entirely trustworthy to the Verein. As of February 11, 1845, Fisher had been involved in coercing newly arrived immigrants to sign documents stating their intent to depart from the Verein and align with Fisher's friend Dr. Friedrich Schubbert, also known as Friedrich Strubberg.


Cappes was not in town when Meusebach was breakfast host to Fisher on December 31, 1846. Posters had mysteriously appeared about town maligning Meusebach, saying "Curses upon Meusebach the slave driver", and inciting colonists to free themselves from his "tyranny". A group led by Rudolph Iwonski[28] pushed their way into Meusebach's home, and colonist C. Herber brandished a whip. Herber was an alleged counterfeiter to whom Count Castell had awarded asylum. Meusebach and Herber shared a dislike of one another.[29]


The colonists' list of demands included Meusebach resigning as commissioner-general and turning the colonization over to Fisher.[30] Meusebach kept his composure, but the group became so heated, they yelled, "Hang him!" When the estimated 120 men dispersed, Fisher was nowhere to be found. The same evening, a different group of individuals assembled and pledged to stand by Meusebach, the next day passing resolutions condemning the actions of the mob.[31] Meusebach himself had considered leaving Texas as early as November 1845, when he wrote to Count Castell and announced his intention to resign and return to Germany. Meusebach did not feel the Adelsverein was organized enough to achieve its goals. After the mob visit in New Braunfels, he again submitted his resignation to accompany a financial report to Castell on January 23, 1847.[32]


Meusebach had arranged with the Torrey Brothers for transporting the emigrants inland, but the United States hired the Torrey Brothers for use in the Mexican–American War.[33]


Meusebach stabilized the community's finances, and encouraged the settlers to establish additional neighboring communities. The largest of these secondary settlements was Fredericksburg, 80 miles (130 km) to the northwest of New Braunfels.


New Braunfels thrived, and by 1850, it was the fourth-largest city in Texas,[12] with 1,723 people, following only Galveston, San Antonio, and Houston in population.[34] In 1852, the Zeitung newspaper was established, edited by German Texan botanist Ferdinand Lindheimer. The newspaper continues to publish under its current name, the Herald-Zeitung.



Geography


New Braunfels is located in southeastern Comal County. The city is 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Downtown San Antonio, 19 miles (31 km) southwest of San Marcos, and 48 miles (77 km) southwest of Austin.


According to the United States Census Bureau, New Braunfels has a total area of 44.9 square miles (116.4 km2), of which 44.4 square miles (115.1 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2), or 0.91%, is covered by water.[1] The city is situated along the Balcones Fault, where the Texas Hill Country meets rolling prairie land. Along the fault in the city, a string of artesian springs known as Comal Springs gives rise to the Comal River, which is known as one of the shortest rivers in the world, as it winds 3 miles (5 km) through the city before meeting the Guadalupe River.



Climate


New Braunfels experiences a humid subtropical climate, with hot summers and generally mild winters. Temperatures range from 83 °F (27.8 °C) in the summer to 49 °F (9.4 °C) during winter.






















































































































Climate data for New Braunfels, Texas
Month
 Jan
 Feb
 Mar
 Apr
 May
 Jun
 Jul
 Aug
 Sep
 Oct
 Nov
 Dec
 Year
Record high °F (°C)
 89
(32)
 98
(37)
 100
(38)
 105
(41)
 103
(39)
 110
(43)
 110
(43)
 110
(43)
 112
(44)
 100
(38)
 94
(34)
 91
(33)
 112
(44)
Average high °F (°C)
 62
(17)
 67
(19)
 74
(23)
 80
(27)
 86
(30)
 91
(33)
 95
(35)
 95
(35)
 90
(32)
 82
(28)
 71
(22)
 64
(18)
 80
(27)
Daily mean °F (°C)
 49
(9)
 53
(12)
 60
(16)
 66
(19)
 74
(23)
 80
(27)
 83
(28)
 83
(28)
 78
(26)
 69
(21)
 59
(15)
 51
(11)
 67
(20)
Average low °F (°C)
 37
(3)
 41
(5)
 46
(8)
 53
(12)
 62
(17)
 68
(20)
 71
(22)
 70
(21)
 65
(18)
 55
(13)
 46
(8)
 39
(4)
 54
(13)
Record low °F (°C)
 2
(−17)
 8
(−13)
 17
(−8)
 29
(−2)
 37
(3)
 46
(8)
 59
(15)
 58
(14)
 43
(6)
 24
(−4)
 18
(−8)
 2
(−17)
 2
(−17)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
 1.88
(48)
 1.98
(50)
 2.04
(52)
 2.72
(69)
 5.01
(127)
 4.81
(122)
 1.99
(51)
 2.32
(59)
 3.46
(88)
 4.38
(111)
 2.71
(69)
 2.44
(62)
 35.74
(908)
Source: The Weather Channel[35]



Education





New Braunfels High School





Canyon High School


The city is served by the New Braunfels Independent School District and the Comal Independent School District.[36]


Five high schools are located within city limits, as well as a freshmen center. The public high schools are New Braunfels High School, Canyon High School, and Alamo Colleges-Memorial Early College High School. New Braunfels Christian Academy, a K-12 institution, and the Calvary Baptist Academy are private schools in the city. John Paul II Catholic High School is in nearby Schertz.


NBISD operates several schools in New Braunfels.


CISD schools serving New Braunfels are:



  • Morningside, Clear Spring, Frazier, and Freiheit elementary schools[37]

  • Canyon Middle and Church Hill Middle[38]

  • Canyon High[39]



Gruene


Gruene Historical District is located within the city limits of New Braunfels. Founded by the sons of settlers Ernst and Antoinette Gruene, the community had a bank, post office, school, general store, lumberyard, gristmill, dance hall, and cotton gin. It also had access to two railways for shipping cotton bales. Its most famous attribute was the dance hall, a family activity in those days. Due to the failure of the cotton crop from boll weevils, and the failure of the banks after 1929, commercial activity slowed to a crawl. This village is now a Nationally Registered Historic District where one can dine in the ruins of the original gristmill or enjoy live music at Gruene Hall. The community may also be researched through the Sophienburg Museum and Archives.



Demographics























































































































Historical population
Census Pop.
%±
1850 1,298 —
1860 1,740 34.1%
1870 2,261 29.9%
1880 1,938 −14.3%
1890 1,608 −17.0%
1900 2,097 30.4%
1910 3,165 50.9%
1920 3,590 13.4%
1930 6,242 73.9%
1940 6,976 11.8%
1950 12,210 75.0%
1960 15,631 28.0%
1970 17,859 14.3%
1980 22,402 25.4%
1990 27,334 22.0%
2000 36,494 33.5%
2010 57,740 58.2%
Est. 2017 79,152 [40] 37.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[41]

As of the census[2] of 2000, 36,494 people, 13,558 households, and 9,599 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,247.7 people per square mile (481.7/km2). The 14,896 housing units averaged 509.3 per square mile (196.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.30% White, 1.37% African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 10.93% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 34.52% of the population.


For the year 2015, New Braunfels was named the U.S.’s second-fastest growing city with a population of 50,000 or more, according to estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau.[42]


Of the 13,558 households, 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were not families. About 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11.


In the city, the population was distributed as 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.


The median income for a household in the city was $40,078, and for a family was $46,726. Males had a median income of $31,140 versus $23,235 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,548. About 9.0% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.



Economy


Companies based in New Braunfels include Rush Enterprises.



Top employers


According to New Braunfels' 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[43] the top employers in the area are:


























































#
 Employer
 # of Employees
1
Comal Independent School District
 2,400
2
Schlitterbahn
 1,863
3
Walmart Distribution Center
 1,035
4
New Braunfels Independent School District
 1,050
5
Comal County
 613
6
 Colorado Materials
 586
7
 City of New Braunfels
 538
8
Christus Santa Rosa Hospital-New Braunfels
 534
9
HD Supply
 520
10
Checks in the Mail
 305


Recreation and tourism


The town holds "Wurstfest", a German-style sausage festival, every November, drawing on the city's strong German heritage. Every December, the town celebrates Wassailfest in the historic downtown.


New Braunfels draws a large number of tourists, particularly in the summer because of the cold-spring rivers that run through the city. Many generations of families and college students return every summer to tube for miles down the Guadalupe and Comal rivers. New Braunfels is the site of the original water park, the Schlitterbahn WaterPark Resort. The Ernest Eikel Skate Park attracts many skate board enthusiasts.



Media communications


The newspaper Herald Zeitung was originally two newspapers: The Herald (published in English) and The Zeitung, which means "newspaper", (published in German) until 1967.


The other newspaper publisher serving the city of New Braunfels is the TX Citizen, formerly the NB citizen.


In radio, two stations broadcast from New Braunfels, KGNB 1420 AM and KNBT 92.1 FM, notable for its Americana music format.



Notable people




  • Lance Berkman, six-time MLB All-Star, attended Canyon High School in New Braunfels


  • Donna Campbell, Republican state senator from New Braunfels since 2013


  • Carter Casteel, former educator, lawyer, and Republican politician from New Braunfels[44]


  • Charlie Duke, lunar module pilot on the Apollo 16 moon landing mission[45]


  • Ray Katt, Major League Baseball player


  • Kliff Kingsbury, current head coach of NFL's Arizona Cardinals


  • Robert Krueger, Democrat, former U.S. Representative and former interim (appointed) U.S. senator


  • Ferdinand Lindheimer, known as the father of Texas botany


  • Doug Miller, former New Braunfels mayor and city council member, former Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives since 2009


  • Leigh Nash, member of the band Sixpence None the Richer


  • George E. Nowotny, Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1967 to 1972, born in New Braunfels in 1932


  • Craig Jordan, pioneer in the use of Tamoxifen as an adjuvent therapy for breast cancer treatment and prevention, used in millions of patients.



See also







  • List of museums in Central Texas


References





  1. ^ ab "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): New Braunfels city, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 4, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.


  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.


  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.


  5. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2018-08-23.


  6. ^ King (1967) p.53


  7. ^ King (1967) p.37


  8. ^ "Comal Springs". Edwards Aquifer. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  9. ^ Brune, Gunnar. "Comal Springs". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  10. ^ Brune, Gunnar; Besse, Helen C (2002). Springs of Texas: Volume I. TAMU Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-58544-196-9.


  11. ^ "Faust Street Bridge". Texas Escapes. Texas Escapes – Blueprints For Travel, LLC. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  12. ^ ab Greene, Daniel P. "New Braunfels, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  13. ^ Ragsdale, Crystal Sasse. "Zinkenburg". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  14. ^ Blackman, Clyde T. "Sophienburg Museum and Archives". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  15. ^ King (1967) pp.35–38


  16. ^ King (1967) pp.52–58


  17. ^ Ragsdale, Crystal Sasse. "Nicolaus Zink". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 3 January 2011.


  18. ^ King (1967) pp.59–60


  19. ^ King (1967) p.63


  20. ^ King (1967) p.64


  21. ^ King (1967) p.65


  22. ^ Breitenkamp, Edward C. "Hermann Friedrich Seele". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 27 December 2010.


  23. ^ King (1967) p.66


  24. ^ King (1967) p.67


  25. ^ King (1967) pp.75–83


  26. ^ Morgenthaler (2007) p.56


  27. ^ King (1967) pp.96–101


  28. ^ Johnson (2009) p.10


  29. ^ King (1967) p.98


  30. ^ Morgenthaler (2007) p.61


  31. ^ King (1967) p.103


  32. ^ King (1967) pp.110,125


  33. ^ King (1967) pp.85,87


  34. ^ https://www.texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/CityPopHist%20web.pdf


  35. ^ "Monthly Averages for New Braunfels, Texas". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19.


  36. ^ Council District Map. City of New Braunfels. Retrieved on August 27, 2016.


  37. ^ "Elementary School Attendance Zones" (Archive). Comal Independent School District. Retrieved on August 28, 2016. Zones: Clear Spring (Archive); Freiheit (Archive), Morningside (Archive)


  38. ^ "Middle School Attendance Zones" (Archive). Comal Independent School District. Retrieved on August 28, 2016. Zones: Canyon (Archive), Church Hill (Archive)


  39. ^ "High School Attendance Zones" (Archive). Comal Independent School District. Retrieved on August 28, 2016. Canyon High School zone (Archive)


  40. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.


  41. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.


  42. ^ Bowen, Greg. Census estimate ranks New Braunfels second fastest growing city in US, New Braunfels Herald-Zeitung, May 19, 2016.


  43. ^ City of New Braunfels CAFR


  44. ^ "Carter Casteel's Biography". votesmart.org. Retrieved February 22, 2014.


  45. ^ Contact Us Charlie Duke Enterprises. Retrieved: 2012-09-03.




Further reading




  • King, Irene Marschall (1967). John O.Meusebach. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73656-6.


  • Lich, Glen E (1996). The German Texans. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-86701-072-5.


  • Biesele, Rudolph Leopold (2008) [1930]. The History of the German Settlements in Texas 1831–1861. Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-857-6.


  • Haas, Oscar (1983) [1968]. History of New Braunfels and Comal County, Texas 1844–1946.


  • Solms, Carl; Gish, Theodore G; Von-Maszweski, Wolfram M (2000). Voyage to North America, 1844–45: Prince Carl of Solms' Texas Diary of People, Places, and Events. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-124-9.


  • Morgenthaler, Jefferson (2007). The German Settlement of the Texas Hill Country. Mockingbird Books. ISBN 978-1-932801-09-5.


  • Johnson, David; Miller, Rick (2009). The Mason County ""Hoo Doo"" War, 1874–1902 (A.C. Greene Series). University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-262-8.


  • Kattner, Lauren Ann (1991). "From Immigrant Settlement into Town: New Braunfels, Texas, 1845–1870". American Studies. 36 (2): 155–177.



External links







  • City of New Braunfels official website

  • New Braunfels Chamber of Commerce


  • New Braunfels from the Handbook of Texas Online













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For Lambak Kiri public housing area, see Lambak Kiri Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. Village in Brunei-Muara, Brunei Lambak Kiri Village Location in Brunei Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Country Brunei District Brunei-Muara Mukim Berakas A Government  • Village head Hamdani Omar Postcode BB1214 Lambak Kiri is a populated place in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is officially a village subdivision under Berakas A, a mukim in the district. Lambak Kiri may also refer to the greater area which includes the Lambak Kiri public housing area of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (Malay: Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati ), although the latter is a separate subdivision. Contents 1 Name 2 Administration 3 See also 4 References Name ...
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章鱼与海女图

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本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして...
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