Mixing
Horseshoe bat
| Horseshoe bats | |
|---|---|
 | |
Lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Family: | Rhinolophidae Gray, 1825 |
| Subfamily: | Rhinolophinae Gray, 1825 |
| Genus: | Rhinolophus Lacépède, 1799 |
Type species | |
Vespertilio ferrum-equinum Schreber, 1774 | |
| Species | |
See text | |
Horseshoe bats make up the bat family Rhinolophidae. In addition to the single living genus, Rhinolophus, one extinct genus, Palaeonycteris, has been recognized. The closely related Hipposideridae are sometimes included within the horseshoe bats as a subfamily, Hipposiderinae. Both families are classified in the suborder Yinpterochiroptera or Pteropodiformes and were previously included in Microchiroptera.
Contents
1 Appearance
2 Ecology
3 Classification
4 Medical significance
5 List of species
6 Notes
7 References
Appearance
The lancet and sella in profile
nose-leaf diagram of a horseshoe bat
All horseshoe bats have leaf-like, horseshoe-shaped protuberances called noseleafs on their noses. The noseleafs are important in species identification, and are composed of several parts. The lancet is triangular, pointed, and pocketed, and points up between the bats' eyes.[1]
The sella is a flat, ridge-like structure at the center of the nose, rising from behind the nostrils, that points out perpendicular from the head.[1] The sella usually has less hair than the lancet or the noseleaf.[1]
In the related Hipposideridae, these protuberances are leaf- or spear-like. They emit echolocation calls through these structures, which may serve to focus the sound. Their hind limbs are not well developed, so they cannot walk on all fours; conversely, their wings are broad, making their flight particularly agile. Most rhinolophids are dull brown or reddish-brown in color. They vary in size from 2.5 to 14 cm in head-body length, and 4.0 to 120 g in weight.[2] Their dental formula is 1.1.1-2.32.1.2-3.3.
The females have a pair of mammary glands and two "false nipples" above and to the side of the genital opening, to which newborn bats cling for a few days after birth.
Ecology
Rhinolophids inhabit temperate and tropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, and Asia south to northern and eastern Australia. All species are insectivorous, capturing insects in flight. Their roost habits are diverse; some species are found in large colonies in caves, some prefer hollow trees, and others sleep in the open, among the branches of trees. Members of northern populations may hibernate during the winter, while a few are known to aestivate; at least one species is migratory. Like many Vespertilionidae bats, females of some rhinolophid species mate during the fall and store the sperm over the winter, conceiving and gestating young beginning in the spring.
Classification
Horseshoe bats are closely related to the family Hipposideridae, which is often included within the Rhinolophidae; however, it is now considered a separate family.[3][4] In addition to the sole living genus, Rhinolophus, the family Rhinolophidae contains one extinct genus, Palaeonycteris.[5] Many species are extremely difficult to distinguish.
Although horseshoe bats have traditionally been included in the suborder Microchiroptera ("microbats"), genetic evidence suggests they and a few other microbat families are more closely related to Pteropodidae, the only family of "megabats" (Megachiroptera). Therefore, Pteropodidae, horseshoe bats, and related families are now placed in a single suborder, called Yinpterochiroptera or Pteropodiformes.[4]
Medical significance
In September 2005, four Rhinolophus species, chinese rufous R. sinicus, the greater R. ferrumequinum, big-eared R. macrotis, and Pearson's R. pearsoni, were identified as natural reservoirs of SARS coronavirus-like viruses, the causative agent of SARS outbreaks in 2002–2004.[6][7]
The phylogenomic relationships of hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats has implications for their potential as reservoirs for coronaviruses that may cause a SARS-like epidemic in humans.[8]
List of species
Genus Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus adami species group
Adam's horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus adami[9]
Maendeleo horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus maendeleo[9]
R. capensis species group
Cape horseshoe bat, R. capensis[10]
Dent's horseshoe bat, R. denti[10]
Bushveld horseshoe bat, R. simulator[10]
Swinny's horseshoe bat, R. swinnyi[10]
R. euryale species group
Mediterranean horseshoe bat, R. euryale[11]
Mehely's horseshoe bat, R. mehelyi[11]
R. euryotis species group
Arcuate horseshoe bat, R. arcuatus (see also Andersen's horseshoe bat)[3]
Rhinolophus belligerator[12]
Canut's horseshoe bat, R. canuti[3]
Croslet horseshoe bat, R. coelophyllus[3]
Creagh's horseshoe bat, R. creaghi[3]
Broad-eared horseshoe bat, R. euryotis[3]
Philippine forest horseshoe bat, R. inops[3]
Rhinolophus proconsulis[12]
Large rufous horseshoe bat, R. rufus[3]
Shamel's horseshoe bat, R. shameli[3]
Small rufous horseshoe bat, R. subrufus[3]
R. ferrumequinum species group
Bokhara horseshoe bat, R. bocharicus[11]
Geoffroy's horseshoe bat, R. clivosus[3]
Darling's horseshoe bat, R. darlingi[3]
Decken's horseshoe bat, R. deckenii[3]
Greater horseshoe bat, R. ferrumequinum[11]
Hill's horseshoe bat, upland horseshoe bat, R. hillorum[13]
Sakeji horseshoe bat, R. sakejiensis[3]
Forest horseshoe bat, R. silvestris[3]
R. fumigatus species group
Eloquent horseshoe bat, R. eloquens[14]
Rüppell's horseshoe bat, R. fumigatus[14]
R. hildebrandtii species group
Cohen’s horseshoe bat, R. cohenae[15]
Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat, R. hildebrandtii[15]
Mount Mabu horseshoe bat, R. mabuensis[15]
Mozambican horseshoe bat, R. mossambicus[15]
Smithers's horseshoe bat, R. smithersi[15]
R. hipposideros species group
Lesser horseshoe bat, R. hipposideros[11]
R. landeri species group
Halcyon horseshoe bat, R. alcyone[3]
Blasius's horseshoe bat, R. blasii[11]
Guinean horseshoe bat, R. guineensis[3]
Lander's horseshoe bat, R. landeri[3]
R. maclaudi species group
Hill's horseshoe bat, R. hilli[16]
Maclaud's horseshoe bat, R. maclaudi[16]
Ruwenzori horseshoe bat, R. ruwenzorii[16]
Willard's horseshoe bat, R. willardi[16]
Ziama horseshoe bat, R. ziama[16]
R. megaphyllus species group
Intermediate horseshoe bat, R. affinis[11]
Bornean horseshoe bat, R. borneensis[3]
Sulawesi horseshoe bat, R. celebensis[3]
Insular horseshoe bat, R. keyensis[3]
Madura horseshoe bat, R. madurensis[3]
Malayan horseshoe bat, R. malayanus[3]
Smaller horseshoe bat, R. megaphyllus[3]
Neriad horseshoe bat, R. nereis[3]
Peninsular horseshoe bat,R. robinsoni[3]
Lesser brown horseshoe bat, R. stheno[3]
Yellow-faced horseshoe bat, R. virgo[3]
R. pearsonii species group
Rhinolophus chiewkweeae[17]
Pearson's horseshoe bat, R. pearsonii[11]
Rhinolophus thailandensis[18]
Dobson's horseshoe bat, R. yunanensis[11]
R. philippinensis species group
Rhinolophus huananus[19]
Big-eared horseshoe bat, R. macrotis[11]
Marshall's horseshoe bat, R. marshalli[3]
Timorese horseshoe bat, R. montanus[3]
Bourret's horseshoe bat, R. paradoxolophus[3]
Large-eared horseshoe bat, R. philippinensis[3]
King horseshoe bat, R. rex[3]
Rhinolophus schnitzleri[20]
R. pusillus species group
Acuminate horseshoe bat, R. acuminatus[21]
Andaman horseshoe bat, R. cognatus[11]
Convex horseshoe bat, R. convexus[22]
Little Japanese horseshoe bat, R. cornutus[23]
Imaizumi's horseshoe bat, R. imaizumii[3]
Blyth's horseshoe bat, R. lepidus[11]
Formosan lesser horseshoe bat, R. monoceros[3]
Osgood's horseshoe bat, R. osgoodi[3]
Least horseshoe bat, R. pusillus[3]
Shortridge's horseshoe bat, R. shortridgei[11]
Little Nepalese horseshoe bat, R. subbadius[11]
R. rouxii species group
Rufous horseshoe bat, R. rouxii[11]
Chinese rufous horseshoe bat, R. sinicus[11]
Thomas's horseshoe bat, R. thomasi[3]
R. trifoliatus species group
Lesser woolly horseshoe bat, R. beddomei[11]
Formosan woolly horseshoe bat, R. formosae[3]
Woolly horseshoe bat, R. luctus[11]
Rhinolophus luctoides[24]
Mitred horseshoe bat, R. mitratus[11]
Lesser woolly horseshoe bat, R. sedulus[25]
Trefoil horseshoe bat, R. trifoliatus[11]
incertae sedis
- Rhinolophus microglobosus
Thai horseshoe bat, R. siamensis; formerly included in macrotis group[3]
- Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis
Notes
^ abc Hall, Leslie (1989). "Fauna of Australia Volume 40: Rhinolophidae" (PDF). environment.gov.au. AGPS Canberra. Retrieved May 3, 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Macdonald, D. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 805 pp.
ISBN 0-87196-871-1
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalaman Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
^ ab Hutcheon, J.M. and Kirsch, J.A.W. 2006. A moveable face: deconstructing the Microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):1–10.
^ McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp.
ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
^ Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
^ Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K., et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(39):14040–14045.
^ Foley, Nicole M.; Thong, Vu Dinh; Soisook, Pipat; Goodman, Steven M.; Armstrong, Kyle N.; Jacobs, David S.; Puechmaille, Sébastien J.; Teeling, Emma C. (February 2015). "How and Why Overcome the Impediments to Resolution: Lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid Bats". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu329.
^ ab Kock, D., Csorba, G., & Howell, K. M. (2000). Rhinolophus maendeleo n. sp. from Tanzania, a horseshoe bat noteworthy for its systematics and biogeography. Senckenbergiana biologica, 80, 233-239.
^ abcd Bogdanowicz, W. (1992). Phenetic relationships among bats of the family Rhinolophidae. Acta Theriologica, 37(3), 213-240.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrst Srinivasulu, C., & Srinivasulu, B. (2012). South Asian Mammals. In South Asian Mammals (pp. 251). Springer New York.
^ ab Patrick, L. E.; McCulloch, E. S.; Ruedas, L. A. (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (6): 553–590. doi:10.1111/zsc.12026.
^ Cotterill, F. P. D. (2002). A new species of horseshoe bat (Microchiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from south-central Africa: with comments on its affinities and evolution, and the characterization of rhinolophid species. Journal of Zoology, 256(2), 165-179.
^ ab Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books
^ abcde Taylor, P. J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M. C., Bayliss, J., & Cotterill, F. P. (2012). Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS One, 7(9), e41744.
^ abcde Peterhans, J. C. K., Fahr, J., Huhndorf, M. H., Kaleme, P., Plumptre, A. J., Marks, B. D., & Kizungu, R. (2013). Bats (Chiroptera) from the Albertine Rift, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with the description of two new species of the Rhinolophus maclaudi group. Bonn Zool Bull, 62, 186-202.
^ Morni, M. A., Tahir, A., Diyana, N. F., Rosli, Q. S., Dee, J. W., Azhar, I., ... & Anwarali Khan, F. A. (2016). New record of Rhinolophus chiewkweeae (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia with new information on their echolocation calls, genetics and their taxonomy. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 64.
^ Wu, Y., Harada, M., & Motokawa, M. (2009). Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a description of a new species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica, 11(2), 237-246.
^ Wu, Y., Motokawa, M., & Harada, M. (2008). A new species of horseshoe bat of the genus Rhinolophus from China (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Zoological Science, 25(4), 438-443.
^ Wu, Y., & Thong, V. D. (2011). A new species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from China. Zoological Science, 28(3), 235-241.
^ Bates, P. J., Thi, M. M., Nwe, T., Bu, S. S. H., Mie, K. M., Nyo, N., ... & Mackie, I. (2004). A review of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Myanmar, including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1), 23-48.
^ Csorba, G. (1997). Description of a new species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Malaysia. Journal of Mammalogy, 78(2), 342-347.
^ Wu, Y., Motokawa, M., Harada, M., Thong, V. D., Lin, L. K., & Li, Y. C. (2012). Morphometric variation in the pusillus group of the genus Rhinolophus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in east Asia. Zoological science, 29(6), 396-402.
^ Volleth, M., Loidl, J., Mayer, F., Yong, H. S., Müller, S., & Heller, K. G. (2015). Surprising genetic diversity in Rhinolophus luctus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Peninsular Malaysia: description of a new species based on genetic and morphological characters. Acta Chiropterologica, 17(1), 1-20.
^ Soisook, P., Niyomwan, P., Srikrachang, M., Srithongchuay, T., & Bates, P. J. (2010). Discovery of Rhinolophus beddomei (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Thailand with a brief comparison to other related taxa. Tropical Natural History, 10(1), 67-79.
References
- Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hutcheon, J.M. and Kirsch, J.A.W. 2006. A moveable face: deconstructing the Microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):1–10.
- Kock, D., Csorba, G. and Howell, K.M. 2000. Rhinolophus maendeleo n. sp. from Tanzania, a horseshoe bat noteworthy for its systematics and biogeography (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 80:233–239.
- Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K., et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(39):14040–14045.
- Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
- Macdonald, D. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 805 pp.
ISBN 0-87196-871-1
- McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp.
ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
- Schober, W. and Grimmberger, A. 1989. A Guide to Bats of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn Publishing Group.
ISBN 0-600-56424-X
- Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
- Corbet, G.B. 2008. Taxonomy of the Horseshoe bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). http://dea.unideb.hu/dea/bitstream/2437/89636/4/ertekezes_angol.pdf
- Zhou, Z.-M., Guillén-Servent A., Kim, B.K., Eger, J.L., Wang, Y.Y. and Jiang, X.-L. 2009. A new species from southwestern China in the Afro-Palearctic lineage of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Journal of Mammalogy 90:57–73.
- Wu, Y., Harada, M. and Motokawa, M. 2009. Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a description of a new species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica 11(2):237–246.
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