SCNN1D

SCNN1D
Identifiers
Aliases	SCNN1D, ENaCd, ENaCdelta, SCNED, dNaCh, sodium channel epithelial 1 delta subunit
External IDs	HomoloGene: 48152 GeneCards: SCNN1D
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1p36.33 Start 1,280,436 bp[1] End 1,292,029 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • ligand-gated sodium channel activity • sodium channel activity • protein binding Cellular component • integral component of membrane • plasma membrane • membrane • actin cytoskeleton Biological process • ion transport • sensory perception of taste • response to stimulus • sodium ion transport • sodium ion transmembrane transport • ion transmembrane transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	6339	n/a
Ensembl	ENSG00000162572	n/a
UniProt	P51172	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001130413 NM_002978	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001123885	n/a
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 1.28 – 1.29 Mb	n/a
PubMed search	[2]	n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

The SCNN1D gene encodes for the δ (delta) subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC in vertebrates. ENaC is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α, β, and γ or δ, β, and γ.^[3] The other ENAC subunits are encoded by SCNN1A, SCNN1B, and SCNN1G.

ENaC is expressed in epithelial cells and is different from the voltage-gated sodium channel that is involved in the generation of action potentials in neurons. The abbreviation for the genes encoding for voltage-gated sodium channel starts with three letters: SCN. In contrast to these sodium channels, ENaC is constitutively active and is not voltage-dependent. The second N in the abbreviation (SCNN1D) represents that these are NON-voltage-gated channels.

In most vertebrates, sodium ions are the major determinant of the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid.^[4] ENaC allows transfer of sodium ions across the epithelial cell membrane in so-called "tight-epithelia" that have low permeability. The flow of sodium ions across epithelia affects osmolarity of the extracellular fluid. Thus, ENaC plays a central role in the regulation of body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and consequently affects blood pressure.^[5]

As ENaC is strongly inhibited by amiloride, it is also referred to as an "amiloride-sensitive sodium channel".

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Gene structure
  


• 
  3 Tissue-specific expression
  


• 
  4 Protein structure
  


• 
  5 Associated diseases
  


• 
  6 Notes
  


• 
  7 References
  


• 
  8 Further reading
  


• 
  9 External links
  

History

The first cDNA encoding the delta subunit of ENaC was cloned and sequenced by Waldmann et al. from human kidney mRNA.^[6]

Gene structure

The sequence of the SCNN1D gene was first revealed by the human genome project. SCNN1D is located in the short arm of chromosome 1 (Ensembl database code: ENSG00000162572) and starts at nucleotide 1,280,436 on the forward strand. Its length is about 11,583 bp. The gene encodes several alternative transcripts with different transcription and translation initiation sites (see Fig. 1 below). In mRNA samples from human brain, alternative splicing products have been detected, cloned and characterized.^[7][8]

Fig. 1. Exon-intron structure of the major transcript of the human SCNN1B. The number of each exon is marked above the exon. The serial number of each transcript is shown above the transcript. Clicking on the figure will direct the reader to the list of transcripts in the Ensembl database.

The SCNN1D gene is found in most vertebrates.^[3] But the gene has been lost in the mouse and rat genomes.
^[9][10]

Tissue-specific expression

The tissue specific expression of the δ-subunit is very different from that of the other three subunits encoded by SCNN1A, SCNN1B, and SCNN1G. While the α, β, and γ subunits are expressed mainly in the kidney tubular epithelia, the respiratory airway,^[11] the female reproductive tract,^[11] colon, salivary and sweat glands,^[12] the δ-subunit is expressed mainly in the brain, pancreas, testis and ovary.^[10]

Protein structure

The primary structures of all four ENaC subunits show strong similarity. Thus, these four proteins represent a family of proteins that share a common ancestor. In global alignment (meaning alignments of sequences along their entire length and not just a partial segment), the human δ subunit shares 34% identity with the α subunit and 23% identity with the β and γ subunits.^[3]

All four ENaC subunit sequences have two hydrophobic stretches that form two transmembrane segments named as TM1 and TM2.^[13]
In the membrane-bound form, the TM segments are embedded in the membrane bilayer, the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions are located inside the cell, and the segment between the two TMs remains outside of the cell as the extracellular region of ENaC. This extracellular region includes about 70% of the residues of each subunit. Thus, in the membrane-bound form, the bulk of each subunit is located outside of the cell.

The structure of ENaC has not been yet determined. Yet, the structure of a homologous protein ASIC1 has been resolved.^[14][15] The chicken ASIC1 structure revealed that ASIC1 is assembled as a homotrimer of three identical subunits. The authors of the original study suggested that the ASIC1 trimer resembles a hand holding a ball.^[14] Hence distinct domains of ASIC1 have been referred to as palm, knuckle, finger, thumb, and β-ball.^[14]

Alignment of ENaC subunit sequences with ASIC1 sequence reveals that TM1 and TM2 segments and palm domain are conserved, and the knuckle, finger and thumb domains have insertions in ENaC. Site-directed mutagenesis studies on ENaC subunits provide evidence that many basic features of the ASIC1 structural model apply to ENaC as well.^[3] Yet, ENaC is an obligate heterotrimer composed of three subunits as an αβγ or a βγδ trimer.^[16]

Associated diseases

So far mutations in the delta subunit have not been associated with a specific disease.

Notes

The 2015 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding academic peer reviewed article was published in Gene and can be cited as: "Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases". Gene. 579 (2): 95–132. 1 April 2016. doi:10.1016/J.GENE.2015.12.061. PMC 4756657. PMID 26772908..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

References

1. 
   ^ ^abc GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000162572 - Ensembl, May 2017
   


2. 
   ^ "Human PubMed Reference:".
   


3. 
   ^ ^abcd Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A (Jan 2016). "Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases". Gene. 579 (2): 95–132. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061. PMC 4756657. PMID 26772908.
   


4. 
   ^ Bourque CW (Jul 2008). "Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 9 (7): 519–31. doi:10.1038/nrn2400. PMID 18509340.
   


5. 
   ^ Rossier BC, Baker ME, Studer RA (Jan 2015). "Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: the story of our internal environment revisited". Physiological Reviews. 95 (1): 297–340. doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2014. PMID 25540145.
   


6. 
   ^ Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M (Nov 1995). "Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (46): 27411–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411. PMID 7499195.
   


7. 
   ^ Yamamura H, Ugawa S, Ueda T, Nagao M, Shimada S (Oct 2006). "A novel spliced variant of the epithelial Na+ channel delta-subunit in the human brain". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 349 (1): 317–21. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.043. PMID 16930535.
   


8. 
   ^ Giraldez T, Afonso-Oramas D, Cruz-Muros I, Garcia-Marin V, Pagel P, González-Hernández T, Alvarez de la Rosa D (Aug 2007). "Cloning and functional expression of a new epithelial sodium channel delta subunit isoform differentially expressed in neurons of the human and monkey telencephalon". Journal of Neurochemistry. 102 (4): 1304–15. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04622.x. PMID 17472699.
   


9. 
   ^ Ji HL, Zhao RZ, Chen ZX, Shetty S, Idell S, Matalon S (Dec 2012). "δ ENaC: a novel divergent amiloride-inhibitable sodium channel". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 303 (12): L1013–26. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00206.2012. PMC 3532584. PMID 22983350.
   


10. 
    ^ ^ab Giraldez T, Rojas P, Jou J, Flores C, Alvarez de la Rosa D (Aug 2012). "The epithelial sodium channel δ-subunit: new notes for an old song". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 303 (3): F328–38. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00116.2012. PMID 22573384.
    


11. 
    ^ ^ab Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A (Mar 2012). "Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 137 (3): 339–53. doi:10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1. PMID 22207244.
    


12. 
    ^ Duc C, Farman N, Canessa CM, Bonvalet JP, Rossier BC (Dec 1994). "Cell-specific expression of epithelial sodium channel alpha, beta, and gamma subunits in aldosterone-responsive epithelia from the rat: localization by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry". The Journal of Cell Biology. 127 (6 Pt 2): 1907–21. doi:10.1083/jcb.127.6.1907. PMC 2120291. PMID 7806569.
    


13. 
    ^ Canessa CM, Merillat AM, Rossier BC (Dec 1994). "Membrane topology of the epithelial sodium channel in intact cells". The American Journal of Physiology. 267 (6 Pt 1): C1682–90. PMID 7810611.
    


14. 
    ^ ^abc Jasti J, Furukawa H, Gonzales EB, Gouaux E (Sep 2007). "Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH". Nature. 449 (7160): 316–23. doi:10.1038/nature06163. PMID 17882215.
    


15. 
    ^ Baconguis I, Bohlen CJ, Goehring A, Julius D, Gouaux E (Feb 2014). "X-ray structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1-snake toxin complex reveals open state of a Na(+)-selective channel". Cell. 156 (4): 717–29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.011. PMC 4190031. PMID 24507937.
    


16. 
    ^ Hanukoglu I (2017). "ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: Conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters". FEBS Journal. 284 (4): 525–545. doi:10.1111/febs.13840. PMID 27580245.
    

Further reading

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  Biasio W, Chang T, McIntosh CJ, McDonald FJ (Feb 2004). "Identification of Murr1 as a regulator of the human delta epithelial sodium channel". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (7): 5429–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M311155200. PMID 14645214.
  


• 
  Yamamura H, Ugawa S, Ueda T, Nagao M, Shimada S (Mar 2004). "Protons activate the delta-subunit of the epithelial Na+ channel in humans". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (13): 12529–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400274200. PMID 14726523.
  


• 
  Ji HL, Benos DJ (Jun 2004). "Degenerin sites mediate proton activation of deltabetagamma-epithelial sodium channel". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (26): 26939–47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M401143200. PMID 15084585.
  


• 
  Yamamura H, Ugawa S, Ueda T, Nagao M, Shimada S (Oct 2004). "Capsazepine is a novel activator of the delta subunit of the human epithelial Na+ channel". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (43): 44483–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M408929200. PMID 15308635.
  


• 
  Ji HL, Su XF, Kedar S, Li J, Barbry P, Smith PR, Matalon S, Benos DJ (Mar 2006). "Delta-subunit confers novel biophysical features to alpha beta gamma-human epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) via a physical interaction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (12): 8233–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512293200. PMID 16423824.
  

External links

• 
  SCNN1D+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

v t e Membrane transport protein: ion channels (TC 1A)
Ca2+: Calcium channel Ligand-gated Inositol trisphosphate receptor 1 2 3 Ryanodine receptor 1 2 3 Voltage-gated L-type/Cavα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N-type/Cavα2.2 P-type/Cavα 2.1 Q-type/Cavα2.1 R-type/Cavα2.3 T-type/Cavα 3.1 3.2 3.3 α2δ-subunits 1 2 β-subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ-subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm 1 2 3 4 Two-pore channel 1 2
Na+: Sodium channel Constitutively active Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ Proton-gated Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1 2 3 4 Voltage-gated Navα 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Navβ 1 2 3 4
K+: Potassium channel Calcium-activated BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 KCa 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 Inward-rectifier KATP Kir 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK/Kir 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kir 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 Tandem pore domain K2P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 Voltage-gated Kvα1-6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Kvα7-12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1/hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 Kvβ 1 2 3 KCNIP 1 2 3 4 minK/ISK minK/ISK-like MiRP 1 2 3 Shaker gene
Miscellaneous Cl−: Chloride channel Calcium-activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin 1 2 Chloride Channel Accessory 1 2 3 4 CFTR CLCN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B H+: Proton channel HVCN1 M+: CNG cation channel α 1 2 3 4 β 1 2 3 HCN FC 1 2 3 4 M+: TRP cation channel TRPA (1) TRPC 1 2 3 4 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TRPML 1 2 3 TRPN TRPP 1 2 TRPV 1 2 3 4 5 6 H2O (+ solutes): Porin Aquaporin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 2 3 General bacterial porin family Cytoplasm: Gap junction Connexin A GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 B GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 C GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 D GJD2 GJD3 GJD4 Innexin
By gating mechanism Ion channel class Ligand-gated Light-gated Voltage-gated Stretch-activated
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