奇蹄目




























































奇蹄目
化石时期：56–0 Ma

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?晚古新世－现代

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斑马

科学分类 编辑
界：
动物界 Animalia
门：
脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：
哺乳纲 Mammalia
亚纲：
兽亚纲 Theria
下纲：
真兽下纲 Eutheria
演化支：
胎盘类 Placentalia
高目：
北方真兽高目 Boreoeutheria
總目：
勞亞獸總目 Laurasiatheria
大目：
有阴囊大目 Scrotifera
演化支：
猛兽有蹄类 Ferungulata
演化支：
有蹄类 Ungulata
目：
奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
Owen, 1848

亚目



  • 马型亚目 Hippomorpha[1]


  • 爪兽亚目 Ancylopoda †


  • 角型亚目 Ceratomorpha




奇蹄目（学名：Perissodactyla）是哺乳动物中的一个目，包括有奇数脚趾的动物。原始奇蹄动物的脚趾是前三后四，现生的奇蹄动物貘就是这样的脚趾结构(馬來貘腳趾是前四趾後三趾)。草食，胃的構造和偶蹄目部分成员多的胃室相較簡單，但盲肠大而呈囊状可协助消化植物纤维。奇蹄目有三个亚目，分别是马型亚目（包括马科和已经灭绝的雷兽科），爪兽亚目（已经灭绝）和角型亚目（包括貘科和犀科）。奇蹄目的化石非常丰富，史前曾是十分繁盛的种群，分化出形态各异的种类。史前的奇蹄动物包括爪兽、巨犀等。现代的奇蹄目整体呈衰落状态。有人認為由于偶蹄目更能消化植物纤维，所以奇蹄目的競爭能力不強，被生态位的偶蹄目逐渐取代，现在仅存16个野生物种（包括犀科5种、貘科4种、马科7种），但因為很多奇蹄目是在接觸人類後才滅絕的，所以是不一定是因為構造不如偶蹄目才滅絕的。[2]，且多数处于濒危状态。




目录






  • 1 进化


  • 2 分类


  • 3 参考文献


  • 4 延伸閱讀


  • 5 外部链接





进化


奇蹄目动物是由古新世的踝节目动物进化而来。基本上从始新世开始分化，馬科的祖先是下始新世的曙馬。


奇蹄目共有馬科9種、犀科5種、貘科4種共18個現存種，化石種達200個。



分类




  • 马型亚目 Hippomorpha


    • 厚齿兽总科 Pachynolophoidea

      • 厚齿兽科 Pachynolophidae †



    • 马总科 Equoidea


      • 马科 Equidae


      • 古兽马科 Palaeotheriidae †




    • 雷兽总科 Brontotherioidea†


      • 兰布达兽科 Lambdotheriidae †


      • 雷兽科 Brontotheriidae †






  • 爪兽亚目 Ancylopoda †

    • 爪兽总科 Chalicotherioidea

      • 爪兽科 Chalicotheriidae †




  • 角型亚目 Ceratomorpha


    • 犀总科 Rhinocerotoidea


      • 跑犀科 Hyracodontidae †


      • 两栖犀科 Amynodontidae †


      • 犀科 Rhinocerotidae




    • 貘总科 Tapiroidea


      • 貘科 Tapiridae


      • 等外脊貘科 Isectolophidae †


      • 戴氏貘科 Rhodopagidae †


      • 脊齿爪兽科 Lophiodontidae †


      • 脊齿獏科 Lophialetidae †


      • 沼貘科 Helaletidae †


      • 戴氏貘科 Deperetellidae †


      • 貘犀科 Hyrachyidae †







参考文献





  1. ^ Luke T. Holbrook; Joshua Lapergola. A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31: 895–901. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.579669. 


  2. ^ Ronald M. Nowak. Walker’s mammals of the world 6. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. LCCN 98023686. 




延伸閱讀



  • Martin S. Fischer: Mesaxonia (Perissodactyla) Perissodactyla. In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (eds.): Systematic Zoology. Part 2: Vortex or craniotes. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg and Berlin 2004, pp 646–655, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3.

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.

  • Thomas S. Kemp:. The Origin & Evolution of Mammals Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-850761-5.

  • AH Müller: Textbook of Paleozoology, Volume III: vertebrates, Part 3: Mammalia. 2nd edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena and Stuttgart 1989. ISBN 3-334-00223-3.

  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): Mammal Species of the World. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005 ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.


  • Ronald M. Nowak. Walker’s mammals of the world 6. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. LCCN 98023686. 



外部链接






维基物种中的分类信息：奇蹄目


  • （英文）奇蹄目介绍和照片






















物種識別信息


  • 維基數據: Q25374

  • 維基物種: Perissodactyla

  • ADW: Perissodactyla

  • EoL: 1667

  • EPPO: 1PERIO

  • Fauna Europaea: 54091

  • Fossilworks: 42980

  • GBIF: 795

  • iNaturalist: 43327

  • IRMNG: 12014

  • ITIS: 180687

  • MSW: 14100001

  • NBN: NHMSYS0000377074

  • NCBI: 9787

  • NZOR: 682f936e-e4c4-4c38-b32e-d24c54f384c0

  • uBio: 105959



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