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Sterculia apetala
Sterculia apetala | |
|---|---|
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On the bank of the Orinoco, Venezuela | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Sterculia |
| Species: | S. apetala |
Binomial name | |
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst.[1] | |
Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Sterculia apetala, commonly known as the Panama tree,[2]camoruco, manduvi tree or anacagüita[3], is a species of flowering plants in the family Malvaceae.[1] It is found in Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean islands. Sterculia apetala is recognized as the national tree of the Republic of Panama.[4]
Contents
1 Description
2 Taxonomy and nomenclature
3 Distribution
4 Uses
5 Conservation
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
Description
Sterculia apetala is perennial and deciduous.[2]Trunks are straight, cylindrical, and have large buttresses at the base. Height ranges from 20-40 meters.[5]
Leaves are alternate, palmate with five lobes, and cluster densely at the end of branches. Including the petiole, leaf length ranges from 15-50 centimeters.[6]
Flowers are purple and yellow, and have five sepals. S. apetala flowers have no petals; structures that resemble them are in fact sepals. Flower diameter ranges between 2.5-3.5 centimeters. These flowers are dioecious, meaning there are distinct male and female individuals used for reproduction.[7]
Fruit are compounds of up to five follicles, stemming from peduncles that can reach as long as 30 centimeters. Inside the follicles are seeds, as well as orange urticating hairs that may cause pain when touched. Naturally, the tree typically flowers and bears fruit between December and March.[8]
Seeds are black ellipsoids, typically with the dimensions 2.5 x 1.5 centimeters.[4] These seeds contain sterculic acid and malvalic acid, two types of cyclopropene fatty acids.[9]
Taxonomy and nomenclature
Sterculia apetala belongs to the genus Sterculia, classified under the mallow family Malvaceae. Apetala is one of 150 known species of Sterculia.[10]
The generic name Sterculia is derived from the Latin word "stercus", which translates to "excrement". This is because of the strong odor characteristic of flowers and leaves within this genus.[4]
Distribution
Sterculia apetala is found in the tropical regions of Bermuda, Mexico, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.[11]
Uses
Wood from Sterculia apetala is used to produce cases, crates, industrial and domestic woodware, canoes, and tool handles. The tree is often grown for shade, resulting from its large leaves.[4][11] In some regions, seeds are consumed after being boiled or roasted, used to flavor chocolate, or given to animals as fodder.[9] The flowers are used as antitussive.[12]
Conservation
In the Pantanal wetlands of Central Brazil, the endangered hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) makes its nest almost exclusively in the natural hollows of S. apetala.[13]
Gallery
Sterculia apetala tree and leaves
S. apetala fruit
S. apetala follicle and seeds
S. apetala fruit and flowers
S. apetala flower cluster
S. apetala individual flowers
S. apetala old trees
S. apetala trunk and bark
References
^ abc "Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst". The Plant List. 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ ab "Sterculia apetala". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ Roig, Juan Tomás (2014). Diccionario Botánico de nombres vulgares Cubanos. Edition Científico-Ténica. p. 77. ISBN 978-959-05-0713-7.
^ abcd Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). "Sterculia apetala" (PDF). Gobierno de México.
^ Fontoura, Fernanda Mussi; Matias, Rosemary; Ludwig, Juliane; Oliveira, Ademir Kleber Morbeck de; Bono, José Antonio Maior; Martins, Pedro de Figueiredo Rocha Barbosa; Corsino, Joaquim; Guedes, Neiva Maria Robaldo; Fontoura, Fernanda Mussi (September 2015). "Seasonal effects and antifungal activity from bark chemical constituents of Sterculia apetala (Malvaceae) at Pantanal of Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil". Acta Amazonica. 45 (3): 283–292. doi:10.1590/1809-4392201500011. ISSN 0044-5967.
^ "Panama watershed tree atlas". ctfs.si.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
^ 1956-, Condit, Richard, (2011). Trees of Panama and Costa Rica. Pérez, Rolando, 1963-, Daguerre, Nefertaris, 1969-. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691147109. OCLC 705945360.
^ STRI. "Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Sterculia apetala". biogeodb.stri.si.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
^ ab Herrera-Meza, Socorro; Rodríguez-Landa, Juan Francisco; Martínez, Armando J.; Herrera-Meza, Grecia; Fernández-Demeneghi, Rafael; Reyes-Saldaña, Karla; Oliart-Ros, Rosa María (2017-11-01). "Behavioral Effect of Sterculia apetala Seed Oil Consumption in Male Zucker Rats". Journal of Medicinal Food. 20 (11): 1133–1139. doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.0006.
^ "Malvaceae | plant family". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-04-14.
^ ab "Sterculia apetala (Panama tree)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ Roig, Juan Tomás (2016). Plantas medicinales, aromáticas o venenosas de Cuba; Tomo I. Edition Científico-Ténica. p. 140. ISBN 978-959-05-0663-5.
^ Pizo, Marco Aurélio; Donatti, Camila I.; Guedes, Neiva Maria R.; Galetti, Mauro. "Conservation puzzle: Endangered hyacinth macaw depends on its nest predator for reproduction". Biological Conservation. 141 (3): 792–796. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.023.
External links
Media related to Sterculia apetala at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sterculia apetala at Wikispecies
Media related to Sterculia apetala at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sterculia apetala at Wikispecies
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