梅花雀












 

如何讀生物分類框
梅花雀

红眉火尾雀 Neochmia temporalis

红眉火尾雀 Neochmia temporalis


科學分類






























界：
动物界 Animalia
門：
脊索动物门 Chordata
綱：
鸟纲 Aves
目：
雀形目 Passeriformes

亞目：
鸣禽亚目 Passeri

總科：
雀总科 Passeroidea
科：
梅花雀科 Estrildidae
Illiger, 1811


属

见正文



梅花雀是旧大陆热带地区和澳大拉西亚的一种小型雀形目鸟类，被归类在梅花雀科（学名：Estrildidae）之下。梅花雀科有时会被视为雀科（Passeridae）的亚科，后者还包含有麻雀属[1]。


梅花雀是群居鸟类，多食籽，其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀的身体构造与习性都十分相似，但彼此间羽毛的颜色和花纹差异很大。


所有品种的梅花雀都会建造较大的半圆形鸟巢，每次可产5至10枚白色鸟蛋。大部分物种会建造用以栖息的鸟巢。部分火雀和斑腹雀会在维达雀的巢内产卵寄生。


大部分的梅花雀都对寒冷极为敏感，性喜温暖，多在热带定居；少数则在南澳大利亚，并适应了当地较为寒冷的气候。


梅花雀科中最小的物种是小绿背织雀（Nesocharis shelleyi），体长仅8.3厘米（3.3英寸）。而最轻的物种是黑腰梅花雀（Estrilda troglodytes），仅重6克。最大的物种是禾雀（Padda oryzivora），体长可达17厘米（6.7英寸），体重可达25克。




目录






  • 1 物种列表


  • 2 梅花雀的起源[2][3]


  • 3 参考文献


  • 4 外部链接





物种列表




  • 啄花雀属 Parmoptila


    • 红额啄花雀 Parmoptila rubrifrons


    • Parmoptila jamesoni（常被归入红额啄花雀）


    • 啄花雀 Parmoptila woodhousei




  • 黑雀属 Nigrita


    • 白胸黑雀 Nigrita fusconotus


    • 栗胸黑雀 Nigrita bicolor


    • 淡额黑雀 Nigrita luteifrons


    • 灰冠黑雀 Nigrita canicapillus




  • 绿背织雀属 Nesocharis


    • 白领绿背织雀 Nesocharis ansorgei


    • 小绿背织雀 Nesocharis shelleyi


    • 灰头绿背织雀 Nesocharis capistrata




  • 斑腹雀属 Pytilia


    • 橙翅斑腹雀 Pytilia afra


    • 红翅斑腹雀 Pytilia phoenicoptera


    • 绿翅斑腹雀 Pytilia melba


    • 黄翅斑腹雀 Pytilia hypogrammica




  • 绿背斑雀属 Mandingoa

    • 绿背斑雀 Mandingoa nitidula



  • 朱翅雀属 Cryptospiza


    • 红脸朱翅雀 Cryptospiza reichenovii


    • 绿背朱翅雀 Cryptospiza salvadorii


    • 暗腹朱翅雀 Cryptospiza jacksoni


    • 谢氏朱翅雀 Cryptospiza shelleyi




  • 裂籽雀属 Pyrenestes


    • 赤红裂籽雀 Pyrenestes sanguineus


    • 黑腹裂籽雀 Pyrenestes ostrinus


    • 小裂籽雀 Pyrenestes minor




  • 蓝嘴雀属 Spermophaga


    • 灰颊蓝嘴雀 Spermophaga poliogenys


    • 红胸蓝嘴雀 Spermophaga haematina


    • 红头蓝嘴雀 Spermophaga ruficapilla




  • 褐双点雀属 Clytospiza

    • 褐双点雀 Clytospiza monteiri



  • 斑雀属 Hypargos


    • 朱胸斑雀 Hypargos niveoguttatus


    • 玫胸斑雀 Hypargos margaritatus




  • 双斑雀属 Euschistospiza


    • 朱背双斑雀 Euschistospiza dybowskii


    • 乌双斑雀 Euschistospiza cinereovinacea




  • 火雀属 Lagonosticta


    • 斑胸火雀 Lagonosticta rufopicta


    • 褐背火雀 Lagonosticta nitidula


    • 红嘴火雀 Lagonosticta senegala


    • 黑腹火雀 Lagonosticta rara


    • 灰顶火雀 Lagonosticta rubricata


    • 淡嘴火雀 Lagonosticta landanae


    • 红腹火雀 Lagonosticta rhodopareia


    • 马里火雀 Lagonosticta virata


    • 岩火雀 Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis


    • 黑脸火雀

      • Lagonosticta larvata

      • Lagonosticta vinacea




    • 赖氏火雀 Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis




  • 蓝饰雀属 Uraeginthus


    • 安哥拉蓝饰雀 Uraeginthus angolensis


    • 红颊蓝饰雀 Uraeginthus bengalus


    • 蓝顶蓝饰雀 Uraeginthus cyanocephalus


    • 紫蓝饰雀 Uraeginthus ianthinogaster


    • 紫耳蓝饰雀 Uraeginthus granatinus




  • 梅花雀属 Estrilda


    • 淡蓝梅花雀 Estrilda caerulescens


    • 黑尾梅花雀 Estrilda perreini


    • 纽氏梅花雀 Estrilda thomensis


    • 黑颊黄腹梅花雀


      • 黄腹梅花雀 Estrilda quartinia

      • Estrilda melanotis




    • 黄胸梅花雀

      • Estrilda ochrogaster


      • 灰颊梅花雀 Estrilda poliopareia

      • Estrilda paludicola




    • 橙颊梅花雀 Estrilda melpoda


    • 阿拉伯梅花雀 Estrilda rufibarba


    • 赤腰梅花雀 Estrilda rhodopyga


    • 黑腰梅花雀 Estrilda troglodytes


    • 橫斑梅花雀 Estrilda astrild


    • 黑脸梅花雀 Estrilda nigriloris


    • 黑顶梅花雀 Estrilda nonnula


    • 黑头梅花雀 Estrilda atricapilla


    • 黑颊梅花雀 Estrilda erythronotos


    • 红腰梅花雀 Estrilda charmosyna






红梅花雀 Amandava amandava




  • 红梅花雀属 Amandava


    • 红梅花雀 Amandava amandava


    • 绿梅花雀 Amandava formosa


    • 橙腹梅花雀 Amandava subflava




  • 鹑雀属 Ortygospiza


    • 红嘴鹑雀 Ortygospiza gabonensis


    • 黑领鹑雀 Ortygospiza atricollis


    • 蝗鹑雀 Ortygospiza locustella




  • Emblema

    • 彩火尾雀 Emblema pictum



  • Stagonopleura


    • 艳火尾雀 Stagonopleura bella


    • 红耳火尾雀 Stagonopleura oculata


    • 斑胁火尾雀 Stagonopleura guttata




  • Oreostruthus

    • 红胁火尾雀 Oreostruthus fuliginosus



  • 星雀属 Neochmia


    • 红眉火尾雀 Neochmia temporalis


    • 赤胸星雀 Neochmia phaeton


    • 星雀 Neochmia ruficauda

      • N. r. subclarescens

      • N. r. clarescens

      • N. r. ruficauda




    • 褐头星雀 Neochmia modesta




  • Taeniopygia


    • 斑胸草雀 Taeniopygia guttata

      • T. g. guttata

      • 栗耳草雀 T. g. castanotis




    • 双斑草雀 Taeniopygia bichenovii

      • T. b. bichenovii

      • T. b. annulosa






  • Poephila


    • 白耳草雀 Poephila personata


    • 长尾草雀 Poephila acuticauda


    • 黑喉草雀 Poephila cincta

      • P. c. cincta

      • P. c. atropygialis






  • 鹦雀属 Erythrura


    • 绿尾鹦雀 Erythrura hyperythra


    • 长尾鹦雀 Erythrura prasina


    • 绿脸鹦雀 Erythrura viridifacies


    • 帝汉鹦雀 Erythrura tricolor


    • 蓝脸鹦雀 Erythrura trichroa


    • 红耳鹦雀 Erythrura coloria


    • 大蓝脸鹦雀 Erythrura papuana


    • 红喉鹦雀 Erythrura psittacea


    • 斐济鹦雀 Erythrura pealii


    • 红头鹦雀 Erythrura cyaneovirens


    • 皇鹦雀 Erythrura regia


    • 黑脸鹦雀 Erythrura kleinschmidti


    • 胡錦鳥 Erythrura gouldiae，又名“七彩文鸟”




  • 文鸟属 Lonchura


    • 马岛文鸟 Lonchura nana


    • 银嘴文鸟 Lonchura cantans


      白喉文鸟 Lonchura malabarica




    • 白喉文鸟 Lonchura malabarica


    • 灰头银嘴文鸟 Lonchura griseicapilla


    • 铜色文鸟 Lonchura cucullata


    • 黑白文鸟 Lonchura bicolor


    • 褐背文鸟 Lonchura nigriceps


    • 鹊文鸟 Lonchura fringilloides


    • 白腰文鸟 Lonchura striata


    • 黑喉文鸟 Lonchura leucogastroides


    • 暗栗文鸟 Lonchura fuscans


    • 黑脸文鸟 Lonchura molucca


    • 红胸文鸟 Lonchura kelaarti


      斑文鸟 Lonchura punctulata




    • 斑文鸟 Lonchura punctulata


    • 白胸文鸟 Lonchura leucogastra


    • 纹头文鸟 Lonchura tristissima

      • L. t. tristissima

      • 白斑文鸟 L. t. leucosticta




    • 栗腹文鸟 Lonchura atricapilla


    • 黑头文鸟 Lonchura malacca


    • 白顶文鸟 Lonchura ferruginosa


    • 白腹文鸟 Lonchura pallidiventer


      黑头文鸟 Lonchura malacca




    • 五彩文鸟 Lonchura quinticolor


    • 白头文鸟 Lonchura maja


    • 淡色文鸟 Lonchura pallida


    • 大嘴文鸟 Lonchura grandis


    • 灰带文鸟 Lonchura vana


    • 灰冠文鸟 Lonchura nevermanni


    • 黑巾文鸟 Lonchura spectabilis


    • 灰头文鸟 Lonchura caniceps


    • 杂色文鸟 Lonchura hunsteini


    • 栗背文鸟 Lonchura forbesi


    • 新汉诺威文鸟 Lonchura nigerrima


    • 黄尾文鸟 Lonchura flaviprymna


    • 栗胸文鸟 Lonchura castaneothorax


      栗胸文鸟 Lonchura castaneothorax




    • 黑文鸟 Lonchura stygia


    • 黑胸文鸟 Lonchura teerinki


    • 雪山文鸟 Lonchura montana


    • 高山文鸟 Lonchura monticola


    • 太平洋文鸟 Lonchura melaena




  • 斑胸文鸟属 Heteromunia

    • 斑胸文鸟 Heteromunia pectoralis



  • 禾雀属 Padda

    • 禾雀 Padda oryzivora



  • 环喉雀属 Amadina


    • 环喉雀 Amadina fasciata


    • 红头环喉雀 Amadina erythrocephala





梅花雀的起源[2][3]


对梅花雀科的系统发生生物地理学及其可能的起源进行了研究后[4]，假设认为：随着喜马拉雅山的上升逐渐趋强（1,650万年前），季雨在印度得以形成，右图中便描述了这一起源。





参考文献





  1. ^ Christidis L, Boles WE. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. 2008: 177. ISBN 9780643065116. 


  2. ^ Sibley CG, Monroe BL (1990). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press


  3. ^ Arnaiz-Villena,A; Gomez-Prieto,P.; Serna-Ayala; Ruiz-del-Valle,V. (2009). Origen de los estríldidos. Ornitología práctica 40. Croma Press. s.a. Valencia Ver pdf.


  4. ^ Arnaiz-Villena,A; Ruiz-del-Valle,V.; Gomez-Prieto,P.; Reguera,R.; Parga-Lozano,C; Serrano-Vela,J.I. (2009). Estrildinae Finches (Aves, Passeriformes) from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study. The Open Ornithology Journal 2:29-36 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-10-12. (doi:10.2174/1874453200902010029).




外部链接






维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：梅花雀



  • Estrildidae on Zipcode Zoo


  • Estrildidae videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection




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