Stenosis

Stenosis
Synonyms	Stenoses
CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury
Pronunciation	/stəˈnoʊsɪs/[1][2]
Classification and external resources
MeSH	D003251
[edit on Wikidata]

A stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός, "narrow") is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture).^[3]

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia, prinzmetal angina); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis).^{[citation needed]} The term coarctation is another synonym,^[4] but is commonly used only in the context of aortic coarctation.

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.

Contents

• 
  1 Diagnosis
  


• 
  2 Causes
  


• 
  3 Types
  


• 
  4 See also
  


• 
  5 References
  


• 
  6 External links
  

Diagnosis

Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with unusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by a stethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form of medical imaging.

Causes

• 
  atherosclerosis causes stenotic lesions in arteries.


• birth defects


• calcification


• diabetes


• 
  iatrogenic, e.g. secondary to radiation therapy
  


• infection


• inflammation


• ischemia


• 
  neoplasm – in such cases, the stenosis is often said to be "malignant" or "benign", although this attribute actually refers to the neoplasm itself.


• smoking


• ureteral


• urethral

Types

The resulting syndrome depends on the structure affected.

Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

• 
  Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)


• 
  Angina (coronary artery stenosis)


• 
  Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischaemic episodes)


• Renal artery stenosis

The types of stenoses in heart valves are:

• 
  Pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the pulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing


• 
  Mitral valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the mitral valve (of the left heart), therefore causing narrowing


• 
  Tricuspid valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the tricuspid valve (of the right heart), therefore causing narrowing


• 
  Aortic valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the aortic valve, therefore causing narrowing

Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:

• 
  Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)


• 
  Lumbar, cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis
  


• 
  Subglottic stenosis (SGS)


• Tracheal stenosis


• 
  Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)


• Bowel obstruction


• Phimosis


• Non-communicating hydrocephalus


• Stenosing tenosynovitis


• Atherosclerosis


• Esophageal stricture


• Achalasia


• Prinzmetal angina


• Vaginal stenosis

See also

• Atresia


• Restenosis

References

Notes

1. 
   ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
   


2. 
   ^ Entry "stenosis" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
   


3. 
   ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


4. 
   ^ "coarctation" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
   
   

External links

• Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video

v t e Cardiovascular disease (vessels) (I70–I99, 440–456)
Arteries, arterioles and capillaries	Inflammation Arteritis Aortitis Buerger's disease Peripheral artery disease Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Intermittent claudication Critical limb ischemia Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis Arteriolosclerosis Hyaline Hyperplastic Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis Other Aortoiliac occlusive disease Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Raynaud's phenomenon Aneurysm / dissection / pseudoaneurysm torso: Aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva Aortic dissection Coronary artery aneurysm head / neck Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysm Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection Familial aortic dissection Vascular malformation Arteriovenous fistula Arteriovenous malformation Telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Vascular nevus Cherry hemangioma Halo nevus Spider angioma
Veins	Inflammation Phlebitis Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Budd–Chiari syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome Varicose veins Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele Other Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer
Arteries or veins	Angiopathy Macroangiopathy Microangiopathy Embolism Pulmonary embolism Cholesterol embolism Paradoxical embolism Thrombosis Vasculitis
Blood pressure	Hypertension Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension Hypotension Orthostatic hypotension

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