Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party

Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová
Leader	Pavel Bělobrádek
Deputy Leaders	Marian Jurečka Jan Bartošek Ondřej Benešík Daniel Herman Jiří Mihola
Chamber of Deputies Leader	Jan Bartošek
Senate Leader	Petr Šilar
MEP Leader	Michaela Šojdrová
Founder	Jan Šrámek
Founded	3 January 1919
Merger of	MSKSSM, KNKSM, ČKSSČ, KNKSČ, KSL
Headquarters	Prague 2, Palác Charitas
Newspaper	New Voice
Think tank	Institute of Political and Economical Studies
Youth wing	Young Christian Democrats Young Populars
Women's wing	KDU-ČSL Women Association
Membership	25,032 [1]
Ideology	Christian democracy[2][3] Social conservatism[4][5] Pro-Europeanism[6][7]
Political position	Centre[8][9] to centre-right[10]
European affiliation	European People's Party
International affiliation	Centrist Democrat International
European Parliament group	European People's Party
Colors	Yellow
Chamber of Deputies	10 / 200
Senate	15 / 81
European Parliament	3 / 21
Regional councils	55 / 675
Governors of the regions	1 / 13
Local councils	4,066 / 62,178
Party flag
Website
www.kdu.cz
Politics of the Czech Republic Political parties Elections

The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (Czech: Křesťanská a demokratická unie – Československá strana lidová, KDU–ČSL, often shortened to lidovci ('the populars') is a Christian-democratic^[2][3]political party in the Czech Republic. The party took part in almost every Czech Government since 1990. In the June 2006 election, the party won 7.2% of the vote and 13 out of 200 seats; but in the 2010 election, this dropped to 4.4% and they lost all their seats. The party regained its parliamentary standing in the 2013 legislative election, winning 14 seats in the new parliament,^[11] thereby becoming the first party ever to return to the Chamber of Deputies after dropping out.

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Current situation
  


• 
  3 Internal Structure
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Membership
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Party Strongholds
    
  
  
  • 
    3.3 Partners
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Symbols
  


• 
  5 Election results
  
  
  
  • 
    5.1 National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic
    
  
  
  • 
    5.2 Czech National Council
    
  
  
  • 
    5.3 Czech National Council/Chamber of Deputies
    
  
  
  • 
    5.4 Senate
    
  
  
  • 
    5.5 Presidential
    
  
  
  • 
    5.6 European Parliament
    
  
  
  • 
    5.7 Local election
    
  
  
  • 
    5.8 Regional election
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  6 Further reading
  


• 
  7 Notes
  


• 
  8 References
  


• 
  9 External links
  
  
  
  • 
    9.1 Czech
    
  
  
  • 
    9.2 English
    
  
  
  
  

History

Towards the end of the 19th century Roman Catholics in Bohemia and Moravia joined political movements inside Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary. The Christian-Social Party was set up in September 1894 in Litomyšl, and the Catholic National Party in Moravia was set up in September 1896 in Přerov.

Československá strana lidová (ČSL) was created in January 1919 in Prague, reuniting other Catholic parties, and Jan Šrámek was selected as its chairman. In 1921, ČSL entered the government of Czechoslovakia, and was subsequently part of governing coalitions regardless of political changes.

After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Šrámek served as head of Czechoslovak government in exile (in the United Kingdom). After 1945, ČSL was part of the national unity government, forming its most right-wing section.^[12] When the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over all power in February 1948, many ČSL officials were imprisoned. The party lost any real influence and was kept as a de facto puppet of Moscow-aligned communists (see National Front). In turn, it was allowed to keep a token presence of ČSL in government until 1989.

After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 ČSL attempted to shed its compromised figures and policies of the past: this included a change of name in 1992 after the merger with the Christian and Democratic Union (which was a post-revolution attempt at more modern political Catholicism trying to emulate the German CDU, but lacking the strength of its traditional counterpart). KDU-ČSL was part of the governments of Václav Klaus's Civic Democratic Party (ODS) until its ministers left in autumn 1997 which triggered the government's fall; KDU-ČSL was also represented in the caretaker government of Josef Tošovský before the premature elections in 1998.

Current situation

KDU–ČSL has relatively low but stable support of voters (6–10%); it is strongest in the traditionally Catholic rural areas in Moravia. Historically, it is a mass party with about 50,000 members (second after the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia); most of them are of old age, however, and recruitment of new members can't keep the membership numbers from declining.
The influence of the party is rather bigger than that, as it tries – so far rather successfully – to take advantage of the fragmented Czech political situation and make itself a necessary part of any coalition, whether the winning big party be left- or right-wing.

In June 2002 KDU–ČSL went into the elections on a joint ballot with the Freedom Union–Democratic Union) (US–DEU) as the "Two-Coalition", which was the last remnant of an unsuccessful attempt to unite them with three smaller parties into the "Four-Coalition" which would provide an alternative to the practices of the "opposition agreement" of ODS and Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD). However it turned out that the KDU–ČSL's traditional voters identified much more strongly with their original party than the whole, unlike US–DEU's liberal city ones, and using preferential votes on evenly split ballots caused that KDU–ČSL gained 22 MPs to US–DEU's 9 even though both parties were of roughly equal strength. They entered the government again by forming a coalition with the winning Czech Social Democratic Party.

In 2003 Miroslav Kalousek was elected chairman; unlike his predecessor Cyril Svoboda he represents the right wing of KDU–ČSL favouring cooperation with ODS, which was a source of tension within the coalition. He refused to enter the government both after his election and the government’s reconstruction after PM Vladimír Špidla’s resignation, and finally on 19 February 2005 asked for the resignation of PM Stanislav Gross after his finance scandal broke out. Gross retaliated by threatening to remove KDU–ČSL from his cabinet; a government crisis ensued.

After the 2006 legislative elections and lengthy negotiations caused by stalemated result, the KDU–ČSL formed a government together with the ODS and the Green Party (SZ).

KDU–ČSL is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).

Cyril Svoboda became the party chairman on 30 May 2009. In reaction to his election, his predecessor Miroslav Kalousek led a split from the party to form TOP 09, as he considered Svoboda to be too far on the left wing of the party. In the 2010 Chamber of Deputies election, the party's vote dropped to 4.39%, and they lost every one of their seats to other parties. Svoboda resigned as a consequence of the results. In November Pavel Bělobrádek was elected on his stead. The Party returned to the Parliament after 2013 election, becoming the so far only party in the history of Czech republic to achieve a return after defeat in elections. On 12 April 217 KDU-ČSL signed an agreement with STAN to participate in 2017 legislative election as a coalition. Coalition will need to get more 10% of votes get over threshold.^[13]

Internal Structure

Pavel Bělobrádek, leader of the party since 2010

Membership

KDU-ČSL had 27,662 Members in 2015 which is the second largest member base of any party in the Czech Republic. The number is decreasing 1990s when the party had 100,000 Members, It is caused by high average age of members.^[14]

1991	1992	1999	2008	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
95,435	88,000	60,000	40,000[15]	33,000	29,976	28,541	27,662[16]	26,420[17]

Party Strongholds

KDU-ČSL is known to have very strong electoral core which is concentrated primarily in South Moravia. The party has very stable electoral support thanks to it and managed to gain seats in Chamber of Deputies everytime since 1990 with exception of 2010^[18]

Partners

Notable partners and suborganisations of the KDU-ČSL are:

• 
  Young Populars - youth organisation


• 
  Young Christian Democrats - youth organisation


• KDU-ČSL Women Association - women's wing


• Institute of Political and Economical Studies - think-tank.


• European Academy for Democracy - think-tank.


• 
  European People's Party - European party


• 
  Centrist Democrat International - political international

Symbols

Party patron is Saint Wenceslaus, on every congress is played Saint Wenceslas Chorale. Members addressing themselves as brothers and sisters.

Party had many symbols thru history, current logo depicts symbol of Christian cross on linden leaf.^[19]

• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Logo before 1990
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Logo used in the 90's
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Party logo 2006–2012
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Current logo, since 2012
  

  
  

  
  

Election results

National Assembly of the Czechoslovak Republic

Election	Leader	Votes	Share of votes in %	Seats obtained	Place	Position
1920	Collective	699,728	11.3	33 / 281	2nd	1920-1921 Opposition 1921-1925 Government
1925	Jan Šrámek	691,238	9.7	31 / 300	3rd	Government
1929	Jan Šrámek	623,340	8.4	25 / 300	5th	Government
1935	Jan Šrámek	615,804	7.5	22 / 300	6th	Government
1946	Jan Šrámek	1,111,009	15.7	46 / 300	3rd	Government

Czech National Council

Year	Seats
1968	16 / 150
1971	15 / 150
1976	12 / 150
1981	14 / 150
1986	14 / 150

Czech National Council/Chamber of Deputies

Year	Leader	Vote	Vote %	Seats	Place	Government
1990	Josef Bartončík	607,137	8.42	20 / 200	4th	KDU-ČSL–OF
1992	Josef Lux	406,341	6.28	15 / 200	5th	ODS–KDU-ČSL–ODA
1996	Josef Lux	489,349	8.08	18 / 200	4th	ODS–KDU-ČSL–ODA
1998	Josef Lux	537,013	8.99	20 / 200	4th	in opposition
2002	Cyril Svoboda	680,670	14.27	31 / 200	4th	ČSSD–KDU-ČSL–US-DEU
2006	Miroslav Kalousek	386,706	7.23	13 / 200	4th	ODS–KDU-ČSL–SZ
2010	Cyril Svoboda	229,717	4.39	0 / 200	6th	extra-parliamentary
2013	Pavel Bělobrádek	336.970	6.78	14 / 200	7th	ČSSD–ANO–KDU-ČSL
2017	Pavel Bělobrádek	293,643	5.80	10 / 200	7th	In opposition

Senate

Election	First round			Second round			Seats gained
	Votes	%	Places*	Votes	%	Places*
1996**	274,316	9.9	4th	247,819	10.7	3rd	13 / 81
1998***	255,785	26.6	2nd	166,483	31.0	2nd	5 / 27
2000	121,355	14.1	4th	137,515	24.4	2nd	8 / 27
2002	58,858	8.8	4th	47,049	5.7	4th	1 / 27
2004	97,956	13.5	3rd	54,501	11.4	3rd	0 / 27
2006	125,388	11.8	4th	59,603	10.4	3rd	4 / 27
2008	82,870	7.9	-	42,225	5.13	-	0 / 27
2010	87,182	7.6	4th	42,990	6.32	4th	2 / 27
2012	61,006	6.94	4th	14,995	2.92	4th	1 / 27
2014	84,328	8.21	5th	77,103	16.27	2nd	4 / 27
2016	74,709	8.48	5th	78,448	18.50	2nd	6 / 27
2018	99,383	9.12	4th	34,833	8.33	5th	2 / 27

^* Places are by number of votes gained.
^** The whole Senate was elected. Only one third of Senate was elected in all subsequent elections.
^***Participated as Part of Four-Coalition

Presidential

Indirect Election	Candidate		First round result			Second round result			Third round result
			Votes	%Votes	Result	Votes	%Votes	Result	Votes	%Votes	Result
1993		Václav Havel	109	63.37	Won	—
1998		Václav Havel	130	70.65	Runner-up	146	52.3	Won	—
2003		Jan Sokol	128	46.55	Runner-up	129	48.13	Runner-up	124	46.6	Lost
2008		Václav Klaus[20]	141	50.90	Runner-up	141	52.81	Runner-up	141	55.95	Won

Direct Election	Candidate		First round result			Second round result
			Votes	%Votes	Result	Votes	%Votes	Result
2013		Zuzana Roithová	255,045	4.95	6th	supported Karel Schwarzenberg
2018		Jiří Drahoš	1,369,601	26.60	Runner-up	2,701,206	48.63	Lost

European Parliament

Election	Votes	Share of votes in %	Seats obtained	Place
2004	223,383	9.57	2 / 24	4th
2009	180,451	7.64	2 / 22	4th
2014	150,792	9.95	3 / 21	5th

Local election

Year	Vote	Vote %	Seats
1990			12.2%
1994	9,260,542	7.23	7,616
1998	7,206,346	11.18	7,121
2002	7,728,402	9.58	6,013
2006	6,263,980	5.76	5,049
2010	4,938,960	5.47	3,738
2014	4,865,956	4.91	3,792

Regional election

Year	Vote	Vote %	Seats	Places
2000	537,012	22.86	171 / 675	2nd
2004	226,016	10.67	72 / 675	4th
2008	193,911	6.65	56 / 675	4th
2012	261,724	9.87	61 / 675	4th
2016	159,610	6.30	55 / 675	5th

Further reading

• 
  Brenner, Christiane (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser, eds. A Missed Opportunity to Oppose State Socialism?: The People's Party in Chechoslavakia. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 151–168. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
  


• 
  Suppan, Arnold (2004). Catholic People's Parties in East Central Europe: The Bohemian Lands and Slovakia. Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-1945. 1. Routledge. pp. 178–192.
  

Notes

References

1. 
   ^ "Stranám utíkají i vymírají členové po tisících". Novinky.cz. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
   


2. 
   ^ ^ab Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Czechia". Parties and Elections in Europe.
   


3. 
   ^ ^ab José Magone (26 August 2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. pp. 456–. ISBN 978-0-203-84639-1. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
   


4. 
   ^ Terry, Chris. "Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU-CSL)". The Democratic Society. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
   


5. 
   ^ "Czech KDU-CSL congress re-elects Belobradek party chairman". České Noviny. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
   


6. 
   ^ "Evropa je prostorem společných hodnot". kdu.cz (in Czech). 10 December 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
   


7. 
   ^ "Pavel Bělobrádek: Některé Čunkovy výroky o EU mohou být důsledkem nedostatku informací, možná i vzdělání" (in Czech). 23 April 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
   


8. 
   ^ "Q&A: Czech election". BBC News. 4 June 2006.
   


9. 
   ^ https://www.kdu.cz/moje-kdu/stante-se-clenem
   


10. 
    ^ "Středopravicová-konzervativní strana tu už existuje, říká Šojdrová. Je to KDU-ČSL!". KDU.cz. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
    


11. 
    ^ Velinger, Jan (26 October 2013). "Social Democrats win election but result is poorer than expected". Radio Prague. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
    


12. 
    ^ Rüdiger Alte (2003). Die Auenpolitik der Tschechoslowakei und die Entwicklung der internationalen Beziehungen 1946-1947. Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-486-56617-8.
    


13. 
    ^ televize, Česká. "Lidovci a Starostové podepsali koaliční smlouvu, za premiéra chtějí Bělobrádka". ČT24 (in Czech). Retrieved 12 April 2017.
    


14. 
    ^ Martínek, Jan. "Stranám utíkají i vymírají členové po tisících". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 1 July 2016.
    


15. 
    ^ "Členům KSČM je v průměru 70 let, zjistila si strana". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2017.
    


16. 
    ^ "Stranám utíkají i vymírají členové po tisících". Novinky.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 20 January 2017.
    


17. 
    ^ "Základny tradičních politických stran klesají, mnohé partaje proto sbírají registrované příznivce | EuroZprávy.cz". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
    


18. 
    ^ "Sjezd KDU-ČSL rozhoduje o budoucnosti Čunka i celé strany". iDNES.cz. 30 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
    


19. 
    ^ https://www.kdu.cz/getmedia/753ba290-b80c-4c01-a6f9-611b5bf8effe/KDU_manual_2012.aspx
    


20. 
    ^ Šídlo, Jindřich (15 January 2008). "Lidovci jsou pro Klause". Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). Retrieved 16 January 2017.
    

External links

Czech

• Official website

English

• English version of the homepage

v t e Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party
Leaders	Jan Šrámek František Šabata Jan Šrámek Alois Petr Josef Plojhar Antonín Pospíšil Rostislav Petera František Toman Zbyněk Žalman Josef Bartončík Josef Lux Jan Kasal Cyril Svoboda Miroslav Kalousek Jan Kasal (interim) Jiří Čunek Cyril Svoboda Michael Šojdrová (interim) Pavel Bělobrádek
Leadership elections	1990 (April) 1990 (September) 1992 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2010 2013 2015 2017 2019
Presidential candidates	Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Edvard Beneš Klement Gottwald Antonín Zápotocký Antonín Novotný Ludvík Svoboda Gustáv Husák Václav Havel Petr Pithart Jaroslava Moserová Jan Sokol Václav Klaus Zuzana Roithová Jiří Drahoš
Organisation	Young Christian Democrats Young Populars Christian Social Platform New Voice Institute of Political and Economical Studies Women's Association
Alliances	Current European People's Party European People's Party Group Centrist Democrat International Former Christian and Democratic Union Four-Coalition National Front Pětka Populars and Mayors
Christian democracy portal

v t e Political parties in the Czech Republic
Bracketed numbers indicate numbers of seats in the respective chambers.
Chamber of Deputies .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} 2017 (200 seats)	ANO 2011 (78) Civic Democratic Party (25) Czech Pirate Party (22) Freedom and Direct Democracy (22) Communist Party (15) Czech Social Democratic Party (15) Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (10) TOP 09 (7) Mayors and Independents (6)
Senate 2018 (81 seats)	Civic Democratic Party (15) Czech Social Democratic Party (9) Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (8) Mayors for Liberec Region (2) TOP 09 (2) Senator 21 (2) Czech Pirate Party (1) Green Party (1) Občané pro Budějovice (1) Hnutí pro Prahu 11 (1) Communist Party (1) Občané patrioti (1) Severočeši.cz (1) Mayors and Independents (1) TOP 09 (1) United Democrats - Association of Independents (1) Marek Hilšer for Senate (1) non-affiliated (26)
European Parliament 2014 (21 seats)	TOP 09+Mayors and Independents (4) Czech Social Democratic Party (4) Communist Party (3) Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (3) ANO 2011 (2) Civic Democratic Party (2) Party of Free Citizens (1) non-affiliated (2)
Regional Assemblies 2016 (675 seats)	ANO 2011 (176) Czech Social Democratic Party (125) Communist Party (86) Civic Democratic Party (76) Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (55) Mayors and Independents (38) TOP 09 (19) Mayors for Liberec Region (18) Freedom and Direct Democracy (18) Party of Civic Rights (16) Green Party (9) SNK European Democrats (6) Czech Pirate Party (5) Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic (3) Party of Free Citizens (2) Political Movement Change (2) Others (21)
Other parties	Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia Change for People Citizen 2011 Civic Conservative Party Civic Democratic Alliance Club of Committed Non-Party Members Conservative Party Czech Sovereignty Democratic Green Party Agrarian Democratic Party Good Choice 2016 Crown of Bohemia Masaryk Democratic Party Moravané National Socialists – 21st Century Left National Democracy Order of the Nation Party of Common Sense Realists Right Bloc Workers' Party of Social Justice Czech National Social Party
Sources Chamber of Deputies Senate Statistical Office Politics of the Czech Republic Politics portal List of political parties by country

v t e European People's Party (EPP)
Parliamentary group: European People's Party Group
Parties	Member parties (EU) ÖVP cdH CD&V GERB/ГЕРБ DSB/ДСБ DP/ДП SDS/СДС HDZ HSS DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ. KDU–ČSL TOP 09 K D IRL Kok./Saml. LR CDU CSU ND/Ν.Δ. Fidesz KDNP FG FI AP UdC PpI V TS-LKD CSV PN CDA PO PSL CDS PPD-PSD PNL PMP UDMR/RMDSz KDH MOST-HÍD SMK-MKP NSi SDS SLS PP UDC KD M Associated parties (non-EU) VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ H SNS CVP-PDC-PPD-PCD Observer parties PD HHK/ՀՀԿ OEK/ՕԵԿ Heritage/Ժառանգություն BNF/БНФ AHP/АГП HDZ BiH PDP SDA HDZ 1990 KD ENM/ენმ LDK SVP PATT PLDM KrF PDCS VMSZ Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина NRU/НРУ UDAR/УДАР
Party Presidents	Leo Tindemans Piet Bukman Jacques Santer Wilfried Martens Joseph Daul
European Parliament Group Presidents	Maan Sassen Pierre Wigny Alain Poher Joseph Illerhaus Hans Lücker Alfred Bertrand Egon Klepsch Paolo Barbi Egon Klepsch Leo Tindemans Wilfried Martens Hans-Gert Pöttering Joseph Daul Manfred Weber see European Parliament
European Commissioners	Jean-Claude Juncker (President) Dimitris Avramopoulos (Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship) Elżbieta Bieńkowska (Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs) Miguel Arias Cañete (Climate Action and Energy) Valdis Dombrovskis (Vice-President, Euro and Social Dialogue and Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union) Mariya Gabriel (Digital Economy and Society) Johannes Hahn (European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations) Phil Hogan (Agriculture and Rural Development) Jyrki Katainen (Vice-President, Jobs, Growth, Investment and Competitiveness) Carlos Moedas (Research, Science and Innovation) Tibor Navracsics (Education, Culture, Youth and Sport) Günther Oettinger (Budget and Human Resources) Christos Stylianides (Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management) Marianne Thyssen (Employment, Social Affairs, Skills and Labour Mobility) see Juncker Commission
Heads of government at the European Council	Nicos Anastasiades (Cyprus) Alexander Stubb (Finland) Angela Merkel (Germany) Antonis Samaras (Greece) Viktor Orbán (Hungary) Enda Kenny (Ireland) Laimdota Straujuma (Latvia) Pedro Passos Coelho (Portugal) Traian Băsescu (Romania) Mariano Rajoy (Spain) see European Council
Eurofoundation: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies

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