Mixing
肺螺類
 Pulmonata 化石時期： 石炭纪–現在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N | ||||||||
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 多種肺螺類物種 | ||||||||
科學分類 | ||||||||
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肺螺類（學名：Pulmonata），亦作有肺類，舊作有肺目、肺螺目或肺螺亚纲，是腹足綱異鰓類支序之下的一個非正式群組。這個群組包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透過其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鰓來呼吸空氣。本群組除了包括有蝸牛和淡水螺，還包括多個海螺的科。
傳統上定義的肺螺類分類元物種在Jörger et al. (2010)被發現原來是個多系群[1]。肺螺類已知從石炭纪開始就已經開始出現，直到現在[2]。
肺螺類物種有一個心室和一個腎臟，還有一個相互連接、左右對稱的神經系統。外套膜腔位於身體的右側，而且沒有鰓，而是演變成一個佈滿血管的肺。大多數物種都有殼，但沒有口蓋，而且本分類元還包括有幾種沒有外殼的蛞蝓。肺類類物種都雌雄間性，部份群組還擁有用作交配的戀矢（love darts）[3]
目录
1 1997年分類
2 2005年分類
2.1 有肺類非正式群組
2.1.1 基眼類非正式群組
2.1.1.1 喜濕螺類
2.1.2 真有肺類支序
2.1.2.1 收眼類支序
2.1.2.2 Clade Stylommatophora
2.1.2.3 Subclade Elasmognatha
2.1.2.4 Subclade Orthurethra
2.1.2.5 Informal Group Sigmurethra
2.1.2.6 limacoid clade
2.1.2.7 other Sigmurethra
3 2010 taxonomy
4 參考文獻
5 外部連結
1997年分類
在原來的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類 (1997年)》，本支序是一個目級分類元，包括下列各個分類元：
收眼亞目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
拉索蛞蝓總科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
基眼亞目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840- Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
椎實螺總科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
扁蜷總科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
真有肺亞目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856
Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collection
An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
直尿道小目 Orthurethra
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
- Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
- Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
弯尿道小目 Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
非洲大蝸牛總科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840- Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
- Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864- Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
- Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
- Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
- Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
- Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
- Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
- ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
- ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
2005年分類
Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left
根據《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)》，Glacidorboidea被搬到異鰓類支序之下的下異鰓類群組，本分類餘下下列各個分類[4]：
有肺類非正式群組
包括基眼類非正式群組及真有肺類支序。
基眼類非正式群組
基眼類（Basommatophora）非正式群組包括喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序和下列兩個總科：
两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
两栖螺科 Amphibolidae
松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
松螺科 Siphonariidae
- † Family Acroreiidae
喜濕螺類
喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四個總科：
斜顶螺总科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
斜顶螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931
- Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870
- Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870
- Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882
椎实螺总科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815）
椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷總科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷亞科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815）
- Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：從原來的Ancylidae科降格而成
膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科）
真有肺類支序
真有肺類（Eupulmonata）支序包括the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea
- Family Trimusculidae
- Family Trimusculidae
- Superfamily Otinoidea
- Family Otinidae
- Family Smeagolidae
- Family Otinidae
耳螺總科 Ellobioidea
耳螺科 Ellobiidae
收眼類支序
收眼類支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有兩總科[5]，分別為：
石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815
皺足蛞蝓總科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840
皺足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840
拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885
Clade Stylommatophora
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
Subclade Elasmognatha
- Superfamily Succineoidea
- Family Succineidae
- Family Succineidae
- Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
- Family Athoracophoridae
- Family Athoracophoridae
Subclade Orthurethra
帕图螺超科（Partuloidea）
帕图螺科（Partulidae）- Draparnaudiidae
小玛瑙螺超科（Achatinelloidea）
小玛瑙螺科（Achatinellidae）
槲果螺超科（Cochlicopoidea）
槲果螺科（Cochlicopidae）
同纹螺科（Amastridae）
蛹蜗牛超科（Pupilloidea）
虹蛹螺科（Pupillidae）- Argnidae
粒蛹螺科（Chondrinidae）
Cylindrellinidae（已灭绝）- Lauriidae
蛹状螺科（Orculidae）- Pleurodiscidae
- Pyramidulidae
- Spelaeoconchidae
- Spelaeodiscidae
球果螺科（Strobilopsidae）
瓦娄蜗牛科（Valloniidae）
旋螺科（Vertiginidae）
艾纳螺超科（Enoidea）[6]
艾纳螺科（Enidae）
霜纳螺科（Cerastidae Wenz, 1923）
Informal Group Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Clausilioidea
- Family Clausiliidae
- † Family Anadromidae
- † Family Filholiidae
- † Family Palaeostoidae
- Family Clausiliidae
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea
- Family Orthalicidae
- Family Cerionidae
- Family Coelociontidae
- † Family Grangerellidae
- Family Megaspiridae
- Family Placostylidae
- Family Urocoptidae
- Family Orthalicidae
- Superfamily Achatinoidea
- Family Achatinidae
- Family Ferussaciidae
- Family Micractaeonidae
- Family Subulinidae
- Family Achatinidae
- Superfamily Aillyoidea
- Family Aillyidae
- Family Aillyidae
- Superfamily Testacelloidea
- Family Testacellidae
- Family Oleacinidae
- Family Spiraxidae
- Family Testacellidae
- Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
- Family Papillodermatidae
- Family Papillodermatidae
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea
- Family Streptaxidae
- Family Streptaxidae
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea
- Family Rhytididae
- Family Chlamydephoridae
- Family Haplotrematidae
- Family Scolodontidae
- Family Rhytididae
- Superfamily Acavoidea
- Family Acavidae
- Family Caryodidae
- Family Dorcasiidae
- Family Macrocyclidae
- Family Megomphicidae
- Family Strophocheilidae
- Family Acavidae
- Superfamily Punctoidea
- Family Punctidae
- † Family Anastomopsidae
- Family Charopidae
- Family Cystopeltidae
- Family Discidae
- Family Endodontidae
- Family Helicodiscidae
- Family Oreohelicidae
- Family Thyrophorellidae
- Family Punctidae
- Superfamily Sagdoidea
- Family Sagdidae
- Family Sagdidae
limacoid clade
- Superfamily Staffordioidea
- Family Staffordiidae
- Family Staffordiidae
- Superfamily Dyakioidea
- Family Dyakiidae
- Family Dyakiidae
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Family Chronidae
- Family Euconulidae
- Family Oxychilidae
- Family Pristilomatidae
- Family Trochomorphidae
- Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
- Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
- Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
- Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Superfamily Parmacelloidea
- Family Parmacellidae
- Family Milacidae
- Family Trigonochlamydidae
- Family Parmacellidae
- Superfamily Zonitoidea
- Family Zonitidae
- Family Zonitidae
- Superfamily Helicarionoidea
- Family Helicarionidae
- Family Ariophantidae
- Family Urocyclidae
- Family Helicarionidae
- Superfamily Limacoidea
- Family Limacidae
- Family Agriolimacidae
- Family Boettgerillidae
- Family Vitrinidae
- Family Limacidae
other Sigmurethra
Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
- Superfamily Arionoidea
- Family Arionidae
- Family Anadenidae
- Family Ariolimacidae
- Family Binneyidae
- Family Oopeltidae
- Family Philomycidae
- Family Arionidae
- Superfamily Helicoidea
- Family Helicidae
- Family Bradybaenidae
- Family Camaenidae
- Family Cepolidae
- Family Cochlicellidae
- Family Elonidae
- Family Epiphragmophoridae
- Family Halolimnohelicidae
- Family Helicodontidae
- Family Helminthoglyptidae
- Family Humboldtianidae
- Family Hygromiidae
- Family Monadeniidae
- Family Pleurodontidae
- Family Polygyridae
- Family Sphincterochilidae
- Family Thysanophoridae
- Family Trissexodontidae
- Family Xanthonychidae
- Family Helicidae
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010)[1] analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.[1]
參考文獻
^ 1.01.11.2 Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10 (1): 323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
^ Pek, I.; Vašíček, Z.; Roček, Z.; Hajn., V.; Mikuláš, R. Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc. 1996: 264 pp. ISBN 80-7067-599-3 （捷克语）.
^ Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^ Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P., 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
^ Dayrat B. Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species (preview). Zootaxa. 2009, 2068: 1–26.
^ 吴岷 (编). 二、霜纳螺科 Pachnodidae Steenberg, 1925. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物 第58卷 艾纳螺总科 第一版. 科学出版社. 2018-06-01: 229-234 [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9787030574831 （中文（简体））.
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外部連結
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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：肺螺類 |
維基物種中有關肺螺類的數據
Pulmonata. NCBI （英语）.
維基物種中有關肺螺類的數據- Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
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