勐卯




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勐卯


10世紀－1604年

勐卯最大統治疆域
勐卯最大統治疆域

首都
瑞麗
政府
君主制
历史
 


• 建立

10世紀
• 终结

1604年

勐卯，或稱孟卯，是一個曾在雲南、缅甸邊境的撣族（傣族）國家，首都在云南瑞丽附近。勐卯與傳說中的蓬王國關係密切。[1][2]「勐卯」之名中，「勐」是泰族城邦國家，「卯」來源於瑞麗江的傣語名字卯江（Nam Mao）。[3]


勐卯的另一個傣語名字是果占璧，意為「盛產香軟米的」。中國史籍稱其為麓川[1]或百夷[4]，緬甸史籍稱其為木撣（Maw Shan），，[2]阿薩姆史籍稱為那拉人（Naras）。




目录






  • 1 歷史


  • 2 世系


  • 3 参见


  • 4 參考文獻





歷史


記載此國歷史的《勐卯編年史》在很晚才編寫。[5]這個國家在中國史料中被稱為麓川，一些學者認為勐卯就是蓬王國。[6]


勐卯最早出现在10世纪[7]，神话中的孟卯約在中國南朝末就已出现。[來源請求]。勐卯曾與耿馬、芒市、臘撒（Latha）、杉木籠（Hotha）、盞達（Santa）、木鎮（Mona）、猛憐（Mainglyin）、昔溫（Sigwin）並稱九撣卑（Koshanpye），意為「九撣國」，或稱果占璧、拘睒彌（Kawsampi）。[2]


1254年，元滅大理國之後，雲南出現權力真空，勐卯迅速崛起。元朝以其地設置麓川路，但沒有直接統治勐卯，而是將其置於土司制度之下，讓勐卯國君繼續統治這裡。


思可法在位期間是勐卯王國的全盛時期。勐卯王國佔據雲南西部地區及緬甸北部地區，南至老挝、泰国一帶，向西擴張至今日印度阿薩姆邦，並在1229年建立阿豪姆王国。明朝平定雲南期間，曾與勐卯發生戰爭，勐卯戰敗，其國主思倫發於1384年向明朝求和並歸附明朝。洪武帝仍沿襲土司制度，以其地置麓川平緬宣慰司。


明英宗在位期間，強大的勐卯王國宣稱要統一雲南西南的各個族群。[8]1436年，明朝聯合勐泐（西雙版納）等各土司，派兵攻打勐卯。這場戰爭被稱為麓川之役，以明朝的慘勝告終。1448年，勐卯被明朝征服，廢除了麓川平緬宣慰司這個行政建制。勐卯退守怒江以西的今日克欽邦一帶，定都于孟拱。色隆法去世后，分裂为孟养和孟拱二国。19世纪中期，缅甸贡榜王朝废除并吞并了孟养、孟拱二国。



世系





























































































君主 即位 去位 其他名字
思可法 1329 1369 思可发[4]；思可伐；思汉（翰）法；思钦法；多基法
思并法 1369 1377 昭併發[4]；昭并法；多边法
思秀法 1377 1378 臺扁[4]；思洪法；多秀法
思戛法 1378 1379 昭肖發[4]；多加法
思万法 1379 1382 思瓦發[4]；思瓦法；多瓦法
思伦法 1382 1399 思倫發[9]；思侖發[4]；多温法
思混法 1399 1413 思行發[9]；思行法；多亨法
思任法 1413 1446
思任发[9]；思昂法；多岸发；多昂法
思机法 1446 1452 思機發[9]；多锦法
思卜法 1452 1465 思卜發[9]；多博法
思洪法 1465 1476 思洪發[10]；多洪法
思陆法 1476 1495 思陸發[10]；思陆[10]；思六；多陆法
思凯法 1495 1498
色隆法 1498 1533 思伦[10]


参见



  • 蓬王國

  • 麓川路

  • 麓川平緬宣慰司



參考文獻


引用




  1. ^ 1.01.1 Yos Santasombat，3–4頁


  2. ^ 2.02.12.2 《緬甸史》，戈·埃·哈威著，姚梓良譯，133–135頁


  3. ^ 《暹羅史》，吳迪著，陳禮頌譯，27頁


  4. ^ 4.04.14.24.34.44.54.6 《百夷傳》


  5. ^ Elias, 1876; Daniels, 2006; Kazhangjia, 1990; Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun, 2001


  6. ^ Yos Santasombat, Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong, p. 3-4


  7. ^ Nisbet, p. 414


  8. ^ Daniels, 2006, p. 28


  9. ^ 9.09.19.29.39.4 《明史》卷三百一十四


  10. ^ 10.010.110.210.3 《明史》卷三百一十五



書籍


  • 《明史》

  • 《百夷傳》

  • 《緬甸史》，戈·埃·哈威著，姚梓良譯，商務印書館，1973年出版

  • 《暹羅史》，吳迪著，陳禮頌譯，商務印書館，1947年出版

  • Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584," International Journal of Asian Studies, 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.


  • Yos Santasombat. Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong. Pandanus Books. 2001. ISBN 9781921536380. 


  • Nisbet, John. Burma under British Rule - and before. 2. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1-4021-5293-0. 




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