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1934 FIFA World Cup
| World's Cup[1] Campionato Mondiale di Calcio | |
|---|---|
 Official poster | |
| Tournament details | |
| Host country | Italy |
| Dates | 27 May – 10 June (15 days) |
| Teams | 16 (from 4 confederations) |
| Venue(s) | 8 (in 8 host cities) |
| Final positions | |
| Champions |  Italy (1st title) |
| Runners-up |  Czechoslovakia |
| Third place |  Germany |
| Fourth place |  Austria |
| Tournament statistics | |
| Matches played | 17 |
| Goals scored | 70 (4.12 per match) |
| Attendance | 363,000 (21,353 per match) |
| Top scorer(s) | Oldřich Nejedlý (5 goals) |
The 1934 FIFA World Cup was the second FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Italy from 27 May to 10 June 1934.
The 1934 World Cup was the first for which teams had to qualify to take part. Thirty-two nations entered the competition, and after qualification, 16 teams participated in the finals tournament. Reigning champions Uruguay refused to participate due to the fact that just four European teams had accepted their invitation to the 1930 tournament.[2]Italy became the second World Cup champions and the first European team to win, beating Czechoslovakia 2–1 in the final.
Like the Berlin Olympics two years later, the 1934 World Cup was a high-profile instance of a sporting event being used for overt political gain. Benito Mussolini was keen to use the tournament as a means of promoting fascism.[3][2][4]
The Federale 102, which was manufactured in Italy, was the match ball provided for the 1934 World Cup.[5]
Contents
1 Host selection
2 Qualification and participants
2.1 List of qualified teams
3 Venues
4 Format
5 Summary
6 Squads
7 Final tournament
7.1 Bracket
7.2 Round of 16
7.3 Quarter-finals
7.3.1 Replay
7.4 Semi-finals
7.5 Third place play-off
7.6 Final
8 Goalscorers
9 FIFA retrospective ranking
10 Controversies
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Host selection
After a lengthy decision-making process in which FIFA's executive committee met eight times,[6] Italy was chosen as the host nation at a meeting in Stockholm on 9 October 1932.[7] The decision was taken by the executive committee without a ballot of members. The Italian bid was chosen in preference to one from Sweden;[8] the Italian government assigned a budget of 3.5 million lire to the tournament.[9]
Qualification and participants
36 countries applied to enter the tournament, so qualifying matches were required to thin the field to 16.[10] Even so, there were several notable absentees. Reigning World Cup holders Uruguay declined to participate, in protest at the refusal of several European countries to travel to South America for the previous World Cup, which Uruguay had hosted in 1930. As a result, the 1934 World Cup is the only one in which the reigning champions did not participate.[11][12] The British Home Nations, in a period of self-imposed exile from FIFA, also refused to participate, even though FIFA had offered England and Scotland direct entry to the tournament without qualification.[13]Football Association committee member Charles Sutcliffe called the tournament "a joke" and claimed that "the national associations of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland have quite enough to do in their own International Championship which seems to me a far better World Championship than the one to be staged in Rome".[14]
Despite their role as hosts, Italy were still required to qualify, the first and only time the host nation needed to do so.[15] The qualifying matches were arranged on a geographical basis. Withdrawals by Chile and Peru meant Argentina and Brazil qualified without playing a single match.[16]
Twelve of the 16 places were allocated to Europe, three to the Americas, and one to Africa or Asia (including Turkey). Only 10 of the 32 entrants, and four of the 16 qualified teams (Brazil, Argentina, United States and Egypt, the first African team to qualify for a World Cup finals tournament), were from outside Europe. The last place in the finals was contested between the United States and Mexico only three days before the start of the tournament in a one-off match in Rome, which the United States won.[17]
List of qualified teams
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.
Argentina
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Czechoslovakia
Egypt
France
Germany
Hungary
Italy (hosts)
Netherlands
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
10 of these teams made their first World Cup appearance.[18] This included 9 of the 12 European teams (Italy, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland) as well as Egypt.[18] Egypt was the first team from Africa in the finals and would not qualify again until the next time the competition was held in Italy, in 1990.
Venues
The number of supporters travelling from other countries was higher than at any previous football tournament, including 7,000 from the Netherlands and 10,000 each from Austria and Switzerland.[19]
Bologna | Florence | Genoa |
|---|---|---|
Stadio Littoriale | Stadio Giovanni Berta | Stadio Luigi Ferraris |
| Capacity: 50,100 | Capacity: 47,290 | Capacity: 36,703 |
 |  |  |
Milan |   Bologna Florence Genoa Milan Naples Rome Trieste Turin | |
Stadio San Siro | ||
| Capacity: 55,000 | ||
 | ||
Turin | ||
Stadio Benito Mussolini | ||
| Capacity: 28,140 | ||
 | ||
Naples | Rome | Trieste |
Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli | Stadio Nazionale PNF | Stadio Littorio |
| Capacity: 40,000 | Capacity: 47,300 | Capacity: 8,000 |
 |  |  |
Format
The group stage used in the first World Cup was discarded in favour of a straight knockout tournament. If a match was tied after ninety minutes, then thirty minutes of extra time were played. If the score was still tied after extra time, the match was replayed the next day.
The eight seeded teams – Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary – were kept apart in the first round.
Summary
Qualifying countries and their results
All eight first round matches kicked off at the same time.[20] Hosts and favourites Italy won handsomely, defeating the USA 7–1; The New York Times correspondent wrote that "only the fine goal-tending of Julius Hjulian of Chicago kept the score as low as it was".[21]
From left to right: Italian manager Pozzo, Monzeglio, Bertolini, the goalkeeper and captain Combi, Monti (half-hidden) and the assistant manager Carcano (behind) before the start of extra time in the victorius final versus Czechoslovakia
Internal disputes meant Argentina's squad for the tournament did not contain a single member of the team which had reached the final in 1930.[22] Against Sweden in Bologna, Argentina twice took the lead, but two goals by Sven Jonasson and a winner by Knut Kroon gave Sweden a 3–2 victory.[23] Fellow South Americans Brazil also suffered an early exit. Spain beat them comfortably; 3–1 the final score.[24]
For the only time in World Cup history, the last eight consisted entirely of European teams – Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. All four non-European teams who made the journey to Italy were eliminated after one match.
In the quarter-finals, the first replayed match in World Cup history took place, when Italy and Spain drew 1–1 after extra time. The match was played in a highly aggressive manner with several players of both sides injured: rough play injured the Spanish goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora in the first match, leaving him unable to participate in the replay, while on the other side rough play by Spaniards broke the leg of the Italian Mario Pizziolo who would not play in the national team again.[25] Italy won the replay 1–0; their play so physical that at least three Spaniards had to depart the field with injuries.[26] Italy then went on to beat Austria in the semi-finals by the same score. Meanwhile, Czechoslovakia secured their place in the final by beating Germany 3–1.
The Stadium of the National Fascist Party was the venue for the final. With 80 minutes played, the Czechoslovaks led 1–0. The Italians managed to score before the final whistle, and then added another goal in extra time to be crowned World Cup winners.
Squads
For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1934 FIFA World Cup squads.
Final tournament
Bracket
| Round of 16 | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Final | |||||||||||
| 27 May – Rome | ||||||||||||||
| Italy | 7 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May and 1 June – Florence | ||||||||||||||
 United States | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Italy | 1 (1) | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Genoa | ||||||||||||||
 Spain | 1 (0) | |||||||||||||
| Spain | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 3 June – Milan | ||||||||||||||
 Brazil | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Italy | 1 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Turin | ||||||||||||||
| Austria | 0 | |||||||||||||
| Austria (aet) | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Bologna | ||||||||||||||
 France | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Austria | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Naples | ||||||||||||||
 Hungary | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Hungary | 4 | |||||||||||||
| 10 June – Rome | ||||||||||||||
 Egypt | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Italy (aet) | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Trieste | ||||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 2 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Turin | ||||||||||||||
 Romania | 1 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Milan | ||||||||||||||
 Switzerland | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Switzerland | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 3 June – Rome | ||||||||||||||
 Netherlands | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Czechoslovakia | 3 | |||||||||||||
| 27 May – Florence | ||||||||||||||
| Germany | 1 | Third place | ||||||||||||
| Germany | 5 | |||||||||||||
| 31 May – Milan | 7 June – Naples | |||||||||||||
 Belgium | 2 | |||||||||||||
| Germany | 2 | Germany | 3 | |||||||||||
| 27 May – Bologna | ||||||||||||||
 Sweden | 1 | Austria | 2 | |||||||||||
| Sweden | 3 | |||||||||||||
 Argentina | 2 | |||||||||||||
Round of 16
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| Spain | 3–1 | Brazil |
|---|---|---|
Iraragorri  18' (pen.), 25'Lángara 29' | Report | Leônidas 55' |
| Hungary | 4–2 | Egypt |
|---|---|---|
Teleki 11'Toldi 31', 61'Vincze 53' | Report | Fawzi 35', 39' |
| Switzerland | 3–2 | Netherlands |
|---|---|---|
Kielholz 7', 43'Abegglen 66' | Report | Smit 29'Vente 69' |
| Italy | 7–1 | United States |
|---|---|---|
Schiavio 18', 29', 64'Orsi 20', 69'Ferrari 63'Meazza 90' | Report | Donelli 57' |
| Czechoslovakia | 2–1 | Romania |
|---|---|---|
Puč 50'Nejedlý 67' | Report | Dobay 11' |
| Sweden | 3–2 | Argentina |
|---|---|---|
Jonasson 9', 67'Kroon 79' | Report | Belis 4'Galateo 48' |
| Austria | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | France |
|---|---|---|
Sindelar 44'Schall 93'Bican 109' | Report | Nicolas 18'Verriest 116' (pen.) |
| Germany | 5–2 | Belgium |
|---|---|---|
Kobierski 25'Siffling 49'Conen 66', 70', 87' | Report | Voorhoof 29', 43' |
Quarter-finals
| Austria | 2–1 | Hungary |
|---|---|---|
Horvath 8'Zischek 51' | Report | Sárosi 60' (pen.) |
| Italy | 1–1 (a.e.t.) | Spain |
|---|---|---|
Ferrari 44' | Report | Regueiro 30' |
| Germany | 2–1 | Sweden |
|---|---|---|
Hohmann 60', 63' | Report | Dunker 82' |
| Czechoslovakia | 3–2 | Switzerland |
|---|---|---|
Svoboda 24'Sobotka 49'Nejedlý 82' | Report | Kielholz 18'Jäggi 78' |
Replay
| Italy | 1–0 | Spain |
|---|---|---|
Meazza 11' | Report |
Semi-finals
| Italy | 1–0 | Austria |
|---|---|---|
Guaita 19' | Report |
| Czechoslovakia | 3–1 | Germany |
|---|---|---|
Nejedlý 21', 69', 80' | Report | Noack 62' |
Third place play-off
| Germany | 3–2 | Austria |
|---|---|---|
Lehner 1', 42'Conen 27' | Report | Horvath 28'Sesta 54' |
Final
| Italy | 2–1 (a.e.t.) | Czechoslovakia |
|---|---|---|
Orsi 81'Schiavio 95' | Report | Puč 71' |
Goalscorers
With five goals, Oldřich Nejedlý was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 70 goals were scored by 45 players, with none of them credited as an own goal.
- 5 goals
|
- 4 goals
|
- 3 goals
|
- 2 goals
|
|
|
- 1 goal
|
|
|
FIFA retrospective ranking
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition (not counting replay results).[27][18] The rankings for the 1934 tournament were as follows:
R | Team | P | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Italy | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 3 | +8 | 7 | |
| 2 | Czechoslovakia | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 6 | +3 | 6 | |
| 3 | Germany | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 8 | +3 | 6 | |
| 4 | Austria | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 4 | |
Eliminated in the quarter-finals | ||||||||||
| 5 | Spain | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | +2 | 3 | |
| 6 | Hungary | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 4 | +1 | 2 | |
| 7 | Switzerland | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 2 | |
| 8 | Sweden | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 2 | |
Eliminated in the round of 16 | ||||||||||
| 9 | Argentina | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −1 | 0 | |
 France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −1 | 0 | ||
| Netherlands | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | −1 | 0 | ||
| 12 | Romania | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 0 | |
| 13 | Egypt | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | −2 | 0 | |
| 14 | Brazil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | −2 | 0 | |
| 15 | Belgium | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | −3 | 0 | |
| 16 | United States | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7 | −6 | 0 | |
Controversies
Throughout the years, several sources have reported that the tournament could have been marred by corruption and influenced by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, who used the tournament as a propaganda tool for fascism. According to these accusations, Mussolini personally selected referees for the matches where the Italian national team were playing, while the Italian government meddled in FIFA's organisation of events, re-organizing the logistics of the matches to further promote fascism.[3][2][28][4] Nonetheless, Italy also won the following edition of the World Cup (held in France) as well as the Olympic football tournament in 1936.
References
^ FIFA book of statutes, Roma 1934, prtd. Gebr. Fey & Kratz, Zürich, FIFA internal libray no. C br. 18, 1955.
^ abc Hart, Jim (27 July 2016). "When the World Cup rolled into fascist Italy in 1934". These Football Times. Retrieved 14 June 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ ab Fascism and Football. BBC. 2009.
^ ab Weiner, Matthew (8 June 2010). "When worlds collide: Soccer vs. politics". CNN. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ "FIFA World Cup 1934 Italy. Federale 102". WorldCupBalls.info. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Freddi 2006:15
^ Hunt 2006:23
^ "History of FIFA – The first FIFA World Cup". FIFA. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
^ Goldblatt 2007:255
^ Hunt 2006:23
^ Freddi 2006:15
^ Glanville 2005:25
^ Beck, Peter J. (1999). "British football and FIFA, 1928-46: Going to war or peacefully coexistence?". FIFA.com. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
^ Taylor, Matthew (2005). The Leaguers: The Making of Professional Football in England 1900-1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9781781387030.
^ Hunt 2006:23
^ Crouch 2002:14
^ Brewin, John; Williamson, Martin (1 May 2014). "World Cup History: 1934". ESPN. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^ abc "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.
^ Murray 1998:69
^ Hunt 2006:26
^ Wangerin 2006:98
^ Glanville 2005:26
^ Freddi 2006:20
^ Hunt 2006:27
^ Baker 1988:248
^ Wilson 2009:71
^ "Permanent Table" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
^ "Research: World Cup matches fixed in '34, '78". ESPN. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
Bibliography
Baker, William Joseph (1988), Sports in the Western World, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-06042-7
Crouch, Terry (2002), The World Cup: The Complete History, London: Aurum, ISBN 978-1-85410-843-2
Freddi, Cris (2006), Complete Book of the World Cup 2006, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-722916-X
Glanville, Brian (2005), The Story of the World Cup, London: Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-22944-4
Goldblatt, David (2007), The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football, London: Penguin, ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8
Hunt, Chris (2006), World Cup Stories: The History of the FIFA World Cup, Ware: Interact, ISBN 978-0-9549819-2-1
Murray, Bill (1998), The World's Game: A History of Soccer, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-06718-1
Wangerin, Dave (2006), Soccer in a Football World, London: WSC Books, ISBN 978-0-9540134-7-9
Wilson, Jonathan (2009), Inverting the Pyramid: The History of Football Tactics, London: Orion, ISBN 978-1-4091-0204-5
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1934. |
1934 FIFA World at FIFA.com
1934 FIFA World at RSSSF.com
1934 FIFA World Cup finalists | |
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FIFA World Cup | |
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 PortalNotes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage. | |
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