Mixing
Astragalus
Astragalus | |
|---|---|
 | |
A. lentiginosus | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: |
Angiosperms |
Clade: |
Eudicots |
Clade: |
Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Galegeae |
| Subtribe: | Astragalinae |
| Genus: | Astragalus L. |
Type species | |
Astragalus onobrychis[disputed ] L. | |
| Species | |
Over 3,000 species, see List of Astragalus species | |
Synonyms | |
| |
Fruits and seeds of Astragalus hamosus
Astragalus is a large genus of over 3,000 species[1] of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species.[2] The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (in North America, some species)[3] and goat's-thorn (A. gummifer, A. tragacanthus). Some pale-flowered vetches (Vicia spp.) are similar in appearance, but they are more vine-like than Astragalus.
Contents
1 Description
2 Ecology
3 Taxonomy
4 Selected species
5 Uses
5.1 Traditional medicine
5.2 Medical research
5.3 Supplements
5.4 Side effects and toxicology
5.5 Ornamental use
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Description
Milkvetch species include herbs and shrubs with pinnately compound leaves. There are annual and perennial species. The flowers are formed in clusters in a raceme, each flower typical of the legume family, with three types of petals: banner, wings, and keel. The calyx is tubular or bell-shaped.[4][5]
Ecology
Astragalus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including many case-bearing moths of the genus Coleophora: C. cartilaginella, C. colutella, C. euryaula, and C. onobrychiella feed exclusively on Astragalus, C. astragalella and C. gallipennella feed exclusively on the species Astragalus glycyphyllos, and C. hippodromica is limited to Astragalus gombo.
Taxonomy
The genus was formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum.[6]
The name Astragalus is Greek, an old name for this group of plants which were believed to have a positive effect on goat milk production.[7]
Selected species
Astragalus acutirostris – sharpkeel milkvetch
Astragalus agnicidus – Humboldt County milkvetch
Astragalus agrestis – field milkvetch, purple milkvetch, cock's-head
Astragalus albens – Cushenbury milkvetch
Astragalus alpinus – alpine milkvetch, mountain locoweed
Astragalus amphioxys – crescent milkvetch
Astragalus ampullarioides – Shivwits milkvetch
Astragalus andersonii – Anderson's milkvetch- Astragalus anisus
- Astragalus annularis
Astragalus anserinus – Goose Creek milkvetch
Astragalus anxius – troubled milkvetch
Astragalus applegatei – Applegate's milkvetch
Astragalus arrectus – Palouse milkvetch
Astragalus asymmetricus – San Joaquin milkvetch- Astragalus atropilosulus
Astragalus austiniae – Austin's milkvetch
Astragalus australis – Indian milkvetch
Astragalus azizi – Iranian milkvetch
Astragalus barrii – Barr's milkvetch
Astragalus bernardinus – San Bernardino milkvetch
Astragalus bibullatus – limestone-glade milkvetch
Astragalus bicristatus – crested milkvetch, two-crested milkvetch- Astragalus bidentatus
Astragalus bisulcatus – two-groove milkvetch
Astragalus boeticus – kaffevedel (Swedish)[8]
Astragalus bolanderi – Bolander's milkvetch- Astragalus brachycalyx
Astragalus brauntonii – Braunton's milkvetch
Astragalus breweri – Brewer's milkvetch
Astragalus californicus – California milkvetch
Astragalus canadensis – Canadian milkvetch
Astragalus casei – Case's milkvetch- Astragalus centralpinus
Astragalus cicer – wild lentil, chickpea milkvetch
Astragalus cimae – Cima milkvetch
Astragalus clarianus – Clara Hunt's milkvetch, Napa milkvetch
Astragalus clevelandii – Cleveland's milkvetch
Astragalus coccineus – scarlet milkvetch, scarlet locoweed
Astragalus congdonii – Congdon's milkvetch
Astragalus cremnophylax – Sentry milkvetch
Astragalus crotalariae – Salton milkvetch
Astragalus curtipes – Morro milkvetch
Astragalus danicus – purple milkvetch
Astragalus deanei – Deane's milkvetch, Dean's milkvetch
Astragalus desereticus – Deseret milkvetch
Astragalus didymocarpus – two-seeded milkvetch, dwarf white milkvetch, white dwarf locoweed
Astragalus douglasii – Douglas's milkvetch- Astragalus ehrenbergii
Astragalus ertterae – Walker Pass milkvetch- Astragalus falcatus
Astragalus filipes – basalt milkvetch
Astragalus funereus – Funeral Mountain milkvetch
Astragalus gambelianus – Gambel's dwarf milkvetch, dwarf locoweed
Astragalus gibbsii – Gibbs's milkvetch
Astragalus gilmanii – Gilman's milkvetch
Astragalus glycyphyllos – wild liquorice, licorice milkvetch
Astragalus holmgreniorum – Holmgren locoweed
Astragalus humillimus – Mancos milkvetch
Astragalus hypoxylus – Huachuca Mountain milkvetch
Astragalus inversus – Susanville milkvetch
Astragalus inyoensis – Inyo milkvetch
Astragalus iodanthus – Humboldt River milkvetch
Astragalus iselyi – Isely's milkvetch
Astragalus jaegerianus – Lane Mountain milkvetch
Astragalus johannis-howellii – Long Valley milkvetch
Astragalus kentrophyta – spiny milkvetch
Astragalus layneae – widow's milkvetch
Astragalus lemmonii – Lemmon's milkvetch
Astragalus lentiformis – lens pod milkvetch
Astragalus lentiginosus – freckled milkvetch, mottled locoweed, speckled locoweed, spotted locoweed- Astragalus leptaleus
Astragalus leucolobus – Bear Valley woollypod, Bear Valley milkvetch
Astragalus linifolius – Grand Junction milkvetch
Astragalus loanus – Glenwood milkvetch- Astragalus lotoides
Astragalus malacus – shaggy milkvetch
Astragalus membranaceus – huang qi (黄芪/黃芪 huáng qi; běi qí 北芪)
Astragalus microcymbus – Skiff milkvetch
Astragalus miguelensis – San Miguel milkvetch
Astragalus missouriensis – Missouri milkvetch
Astragalus mohavensis – Mojave milkvetch- Astragalus molybdenus
Astragalus monoensis – Mono milkvetch- Astragalus monspessulanus
- Astragalus montii
Astragalus mulfordiae – Mulford's milkvetch
Astragalus nevinii – San Clemente Island milkvetch
Astragalus newberryi – Newberry's milkvetch
Astragalus nitidiflorus – Tallante's milkvetch
Astragalus nutans – Providence Mountains milkvetch
Astragalus nuttallianus – small-flowered milkvetch
Astragalus nuttallii – Nuttall's milkvetch
Astragalus obscurus – arcane milkvetch- Astragalus onobrychis
Astragalus oocarpus – Descanso milkvetch, San Diego milkvetch
Astragalus oophorus – egg milkvetch
Astragalus osterhoutii – Osterhout milkvetch
Astragalus oxyphysus – Mt. Diablo milkvetch, Diablo locoweed
Astragalus pachypus – thickpod milkvetch
Astragalus panamintensis – panamint milkvetch
Astragalus pauperculus – depauperate milkvetch
Astragalus phoenix – Ash Meadows milkvetch
Astragalus platytropis – broadkeel milkvetch
Astragalus pomonensis – Pomona milkvetch, Pomona locoweed
Astragalus proimanthus – precocious milkvetch
Astragalus propinquus – huang qi (黄芪/黃芪 huáng qi; běi qí 北芪)- Astragalus proximus
Astragalus pseudiodanthus – Tonopah milkvetch
Astragalus pulsiferae – Ames's milkvetch
Astragalus purshii – Pursh's milkvetch, Woollypod milkvetch, woollypod locoweed
Astragalus pycnostachyus – Marsh milkvetch
Astragalus rattanii – Rattan's milkvetch- Astragalus ripleyi
Astragalus robbinsii – Robbins's milkvetch
Astragalus sabulonum – gravel milkvetch
Astragalus scaphoides – bitterroot milkvetch
Astragalus schmolliae – Schmoll milkvetch
Astragalus shevockii – Shevock's milkvetch, Little Kern milkvetch
Astragalus sinuatus – Whited's milkvetch
Astragalus subvestitus – Kern County milkvetch
Astragalus tener – alkali milkvetch
Astragalus tennesseensis – Tennessee milkvetch
Astragalus tidestromii – Tidestrøm's milkvetch- Astragalus tragacantha
Astragalus traskiae – Trask's milkvetch
Astragalus tricarinatus – triple-ribbed milkvetch
Astragalus trichopodus – Santa Barbara milkvetch, coast locoweed, Southern California locoweed
Astragalus tuyehensis from Iran- Astragalus tyghensis
Astragalus umbraticus – Bald Mountain milkvetch
Astragalus webberi – Webber's milkvetch- Astragalus wetherillii
Astragalus whitneyi – balloon-pod milkvetch
Astragalus zionis – Zion milkvetch
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Astragalus testiculatus
Astragalus glycyphyllos
Astragalus alpinus
Astragalus dasyanthus
Uses
Traditional medicine
The natural gum tragacanth is made from several species of Astragalus occurring in the Middle East, including A. adscendens, A. gummifer, A. brachycalyx,[9][10] and A. tragacanthus. Also A. propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) has a history of use as a herbal medicine used in systems of traditional Chinese medicine[11] and Persian medicine.[12] In traditional Chinese medicine A. membranaceus has been used to reinforce qi and strengthen the superficial resistance, and promote the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue.[13]
Medical research
Biotechnology firms are working on deriving a telomerase activator from Astragalus. The chemical constituent cycloastragenol (also called TAT2) is being studied to help combat HIV, as well as infections associated with chronic diseases or aging,[14] the National Institutes of Health states: "The evidence for using astragalus for any health condition is limited. High-quality clinical trials (studies in people) are generally lacking. There is some preliminary evidence to suggest that astragalus, either alone or in combination with other herbs, may have potential benefits for the immune system, heart, and liver, and as an adjunctive therapy for cancer".[15]
Research at the UCLA AIDS Institute focused on the function of cycloastragenol in the aging process of immune cells, and its effects on the cells' response to viral infections. It appears to increase the production of telomerase, an enzyme that mediates the replacement of short bits of DNA known as telomeres, which play a key role in cell replication, including in cancer processes.[16]
Supplements
Extracts of A. propinquus (syn. A. membranaceus) are marketed as life-prolonging extracts for human use. A proprietary extract of the dried root of A. membranaceus, called TA-65, "was associated with a significant age-reversal effect in the immune system, in that it led to declines in the percentage of senescent cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells after six to twelve months of use".[17] There are mixed data regarding Astragalus, its effects on telomerase, and cancer. For example, although 80% of cancer cells utilize telomerase for their proliferation—a factor that might theoretically be exacerbated by Astragalus—the shortening of telomeres (resulting from such factors as stress and aging and possible contributors to malignancy) might also be mitigated by Astragalus. Thus, short telomeres result in chromosome instability, and the potential for telomere lengthening as a protection against cancer is possible.[18] Additionally, scientists recently reported that cancer cells may proliferate precisely because of the lack of differentiation occurring via damaged or shortened telomere length. They propose that "forced" elongation of telomeres promotes the differentiation of cancer cells, probably reducing malignancy, which is strongly associated with a loss of cell differentiation.
Side effects and toxicology
Astragalus may interact with medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide.[15] It may also affect blood sugar levels and blood pressure.[15] Some Astragalus species can be toxic. For example, several species native to North America contain the alkaloid swainsonine, which may cause "locoism" in livestock.[15] The toxicity of Astragalus taxa varies.[19]
Ornamental use
Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers), and A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.
Notes
^ abcde This may actually be a valid genus.
References
^ "Astragalus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 6 January 2019..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Frodin, David G. (2004). "History and Concepts of Big Plant Genera". Taxon. 53 (3): 753–76. doi:10.2307/4135449. JSTOR 4135449.
^ "Astragalus (Locoweed) flowers". Rootcellar.us. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
^ Xu, Langran; Podlech, Dietrich. "Astragalus". Flora of China. 10. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ "A Guide to the Common Locoweeds and Milkvetches of New Mexico". aces.nmsu.edu. New Mexico State University. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Astragalus L." ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2018. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland Accessed 17 September 2018
^ Astragalus membranaceus – Moench. Plants for a Future.
^ "Astragalus brachycalyx Fisch". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 24 December 2010.
^ "Astragalus | University of Maryland Medical Center". UMM.edu. 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
[dead link]
^ Zargary, A. Medicinal plants. 5th Edition.Tehran: Tehran University Publications 1990; pp. 312–314.
^ Wang, Limei; Waltenberger, Birgit; Pferschy-Wenzig, Eva-Maria; Blunder, Martina; Liu, Xin; Malainer, Clemens; Blazevic, Tina; Schwaiger, Stefan; Rollinger, Judith M.; Heiss, Elke H.; Schuster, Daniela; Kopp, Brigitte; Bauer, Rudolf; Stuppner, Hermann; Dirsch, Verena M.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2014). "Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): A review". Biochemical Pharmacology. 92 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018. PMC 4212005. PMID 25083916.
^ "Herbal chemical helps combat HIV". United Press International. January 1, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ abcd Astragalus, NCCAM.
^ Fauce, S. R.; Jamieson, B. D.; Chin, A. C.; Mitsuyasu, R. T.; Parish, S. T.; Ng, H. L.; Ramirez Kitchen, C. M.; Yang, O. O.; Harley, C. B.; Effros, R. B. (2008). "Telomerase-Based Pharmacologic Enhancement of Antiviral Function of Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes". The Journal of Immunology. 181 (10): 7400–6. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7400. PMC 2682219. PMID 18981163.
^ Harley, Calvin B.; Liu, Weimin; Blasco, Maria; Vera, Elsa; Andrews, William H.; Briggs, Laura A.; Raffaele, Joseph M. (2011). "A Natural Product Telomerase Activator As Part of a Health Maintenance Program". Rejuvenation Research. 14 (1): 45–56. doi:10.1089/rej.2010.1085. PMC 3045570. PMID 20822369.
^ Hiyama, Keiko; Hiyama, Eiso; Tanimoto, Keiji; Nishiyama, Masahiko (2009). "Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer". Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer. pp. 171–80. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-879-9_7. ISBN 978-1-60327-306-0.
^ Rios, J. L.; Waterman, P. G. (1997). "A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus". Phytotherapy Research. 11 (6): 411–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astragalus. |
Astragalus — "Website for the largest genus of vascular plants"
Astragalus – Compounds, Mechanism of action, and Uses
Astragalus – Clinical summary and Constituents, MSKCC Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Astragalus at a Glance This fact sheet from the U.S. National Institutes of Health provides basic information about Astragalus – common names, uses, potential side effects, and resources for more information.
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