Sambalpur






This article is about the city. For the district, see Sambalpur district. For the former princely state, see Sambalpur State.

City in Odisha, India




















































































Sambalpur
City

From top left to right: Budharaja Temple, Hirakud Reservoir, Gandhi Temple, Sitalsasthi Carnival, Samaleswari Temple
From top left to right: Budharaja Temple, Hirakud Reservoir, Gandhi Temple, Sitalsasthi Carnival, Samaleswari Temple

Nickname(s): 

City of Culture, Handloom City, City of Textiles, Diamond city of India




Sambalpur is located in Odisha

Sambalpur

Sambalpur



Location in Orissa, India

Show map of Odisha



Sambalpur is located in India

Sambalpur

Sambalpur



Sambalpur (India)

Show map of India

Coordinates: 21°28′N 83°58′E / 21.47°N 83.97°E / 21.47; 83.97Coordinates: 21°28′N 83°58′E / 21.47°N 83.97°E / 21.47; 83.97
Country
 India
State Odisha
District Sambalpur
Government

 • Type Municipal Corporation
 • Body Sambalpur Municipal Corporation
Area

 • Total 303 km2 (117 sq mi)
Elevation

 135 m (443 ft)
Population
(2011)

 • Total 335,761
 • Rank 134th
 • Density 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Sambalpuria
Languages

 • Official
Odia, English
Time zone
UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
768XXX
Telephone code 0663
Vehicle registration OD-15
Literacy 85.69%
Website smcsambalpur.nic.in

Sambalpur (About this soundSambalpur (help·info)) is a Municipal Corporation and located in the western part of Odisha, and is one of the largest and oldest cities in the state. It is the headquarters of Northern Revenue Division, Mahanadi Coalfield Limited (MCL) and one of the railway division from East Coast Railway zone. It is situated about 300 km (190 mi) west of the state capital Bhubaneswar, 550 km (340 mi) west of Kolkata in West Bengal and 278 km (173 mi) east of Raipur in Chhattisgarh. It is on the bank of the Mahanadi River.




Contents






  • 1 Overview


  • 2 Etymology


  • 3 History


    • 3.1 Vajrayana Buddhism


    • 3.2 Kalki avatar and Sambalpur




  • 4 Geography and climate


  • 5 Transport


  • 6 Demographics


  • 7 Economy


  • 8 Education


  • 9 Culture


    • 9.1 Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav


    • 9.2 Sitalsasthi Carnival




  • 10 Architecture


  • 11 Tourism


    • 11.1 Lost temples of Hirakud Dam




  • 12 Politics


    • 12.1 Demand for a separate Kosal State




  • 13 See also


  • 14 References


  • 15 Sources


  • 16 External links





Overview


Sambalpur is the Western Odisha region's administrative, commercial and educational hub. The city contains many famous temples, historic buildings and parks. Sambalpur is famous for premier educational institutes like Sambalpur University, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Gangadhar Meher University, Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur and Odisha State Open University (OSOU). Hirakud Dam, the longest earthen dam in the world and the largest artificial lake of Asia, is at Hirakud.[1]


After the independence of India, many commercial and government establishments sprung up in and around Sambalpur. Sambalpur is one of the major railway junctions in Odisha with the headquarters of Sambalpur Railway Division under the East Coast Railway Zone of Indian Railways. National Highway 53, National Highway 55 pass through the City and State Highway 10 & 15 originate from the city.[2]


Sambalpur is also the headquarter of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited[3] since 1992, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited.



Etymology




Maa Samalei, the reigning deity, from which the city of Sambalpur derives its name


Sambalpur derives its name from the Goddess Samalei (Odia: ସମଲେଇ ମାଁ), who is regarded as the reigning deity of the region.[4][5] The region in which Sambalpur city is located was also known as Hirakhanda[6] from ancient times. In history, it has also been known as "Sambalaka". Claudius Ptolemy described the place as "Sambalak".[7]



History




Sambalpur in 1825, watercolour of the fort at Sambalpur, by an anonymous artist for the Gilbert Collection, c. British Library[8]


Main articles: History of Sambalpur, Timeline of Sambalpur, and Sambalpur State

The history of Sambalpur, as depicted by eminent historians, is full of events including the Indian freedom struggle, representing the different sections of society. Sambalpur is one of the ancient places of India, which survived even in the prehistoric age and holds a very important place in the history of Odisha and India.




Statue of Veer Surendra Sai at Jail Chhak


Sambalpur came under the Bhonsle of Nagpur when the Maratha conquered Sambalpur in 1800. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1817, the British Government returned Sambalpur to the Chauhan king, Jayant Singh, but his authority over the other princely states was taken out.[9]


In January 1896, Hindi was made official language of Sambalpur.[10] During the partition of Bengal in 1905 Sambalpur and the adjacent Sambalpuri speaking tracts were amalgamated with the Odisha Division under Bengal Presidency. Bengal's Odisha division became part of the new province of Bihar and Odisha in 1912, and in April 1936 became the separate province of Odisha.[11] After Indian Independence on August 15, 1947, Odisha became an Indian state. The rulers of the princely states of Western Odisha acceded to the Government of India in January 1948 and became part of Odisha state.


From 1825 to 1827, Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert (1785–1853), later Lieutenant General Sir Walter Gilbert, 1st Baronet, G.C.B., was the political agent for the South West Frontier with headquarters at Sambalpur. He made a few paintings during his stay at Sambalpur by an unknown artist which are currently with the British Library and Victoria and Albert Museum.[12]



Vajrayana Buddhism


Although it is generally accepted that Tantric Buddhism first developed in the country of Uddiyana or Odra Desha under King Indrabhuti, there is an old and well known scholarly dispute as to whether Uddiyana or Odra was in the Swat valley, Odisha or some other place.


Indrabhuti, the oldest known king of Sambalpur, founded Vajrayana, while his sister, who was married to Yuvaraja Jalendra of Lankapuri (Suvarnapur), founded Sahajayana. These new Tantric cults of Buddhism introduced the mantra, mudra and mandala along with six Tantric Abhicharas (practices) such as Marana, Stambhana, Sammohana, Vidvesan, Uchchatana and Vajikarana. The Tantric Buddhist sects made efforts to raise the dignity of the lowest of the low of the society to a higher plane. It revived primitive beliefs and practices a simpler and less formal approach to the personal god, a liberal and respectful attitude towards women and denial of caste system.[13]


From the seventh century A.D. onwards, many popular religious elements of heterogeneous nature were incorporated into Mahayana Buddhism which finally resulted in the origin of Vajrayana, Kalachakrayana and Sahajayana Tantric Buddhism. Tantric Buddhism first developed in Uddiyana, a country which was divided into two kingdoms, Sambhala and Lankapuri. Sambhala has been identified with Sambalpur and Lankapuri with Subarnapura (Sonepur).[14][better source needed]



Kalki avatar and Sambalpur


Kalachakra tantra was first taught by the Buddha to King Indrabhuti, the first dharmaraja of Shambhala.[15] It is widely believed that the next Hindu avatar known as Kalki will be born at Sambalpur or Shambhala, as this place was known in olden times. There are several mentions of the place Shambhala in different Hindu and Buddhist religious texts as the birthplace of Kalki. The Mahabharatra (Vana Parva, 190.93-97) and Srimad-Bhagavatam Bhag.12.2.18 give reference of Shambhala as the birthplace.[16][better source needed]



Geography and climate


Main article: Geography of Sambalpur






Sambalpur
Climate chart (explanation)
































J F M A M J J A S O N D

 

 

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24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [17]



































Sambalpur is located at 21°.27' North Latitude and 83°.58' East Longitude. The average elevation is 150.75 metres (494.6 ft) above the mean sea level. Sambalpur falls under the Zone-3 seismic number, which shows the possibility of an earthquake.[18]


Sambalpur lies on the bank of the river Mahanadi. The river flows to the west of the city and separates Burla from Sambalpur and Hirakud. The Hirakud Dam lies upstream of Sambalpur. Budharaja is a small reserve forest located within the city. Sambalpur experiences an extreme type of climate with hot and dry summers followed by humid monsoons and cold winters. The hot season commences from the first week of March and lasts until the second half of June. In May, the temperature rises to 47 °C (117 °F). In December, the temperature comes down to 5 °C (41 °F).[19] Sambalpur gets rainfall from the south western monsoon. The most pleasant months in Sambalpur are from October to February, during which time the humidity and heat are at their lowest. During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and drop to about 20 °C (68 °F) at night. This season is followed by a hot summer, from March to May. The summer gives way to the monsoon season. Since 1982 as per the data available with District Emergency section, Sambalpur, there has not been a single occurrence of cyclone in Sambalpur. There are possibilities of strong winds with the speed of 53 km/h (33 mph) before the onset of monsoon.[18]
The relative humidity is high during the rainy season, generally being over 75%. After the rainy season the humidity gradually decreases and the weather becomes dry towards the winter. The best time to visit Sambalpur is between September to March. The heaviest ever recorded rainfall was 581.9 mm (22.91 in) in Sambalpur in 1982, which was the highest ever in Odisha until September 2010.[20] The areas of the Sambalpur town on Mahanadi river sides/low-lying areas are prone to flooding.[18]







































































































Transport


Roads




Commuters coming back after office hours, Fatak.


Sambalpur has a well networked transport facility for commercial and public transportation. It is connected to the rest of Odisha and India by national highway - NH 53, which is a part of Asian Highway-AH46 (Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata line). NH 55 connects with Cuttack and Bhubaneswar, State Highway 15 connects with Sonepur, State Highway 10 (SH10) connects with Jharsuguda and Rourkela, and the new Biju Expressway (under construction) will connect Rourkela-Sambalpur-Jagdalpur.[23]


Rail


Sambalpur is one of the three railway divisions under East Coast Railway zone of Indian Railways. Sambalpur (SBP) is a major railway station in Odisha and headquarters of Sambalpur railway division.This railway station is the cleanest railway station of East Coast Railway declared by Indian Railway. There are four other railway stations serving Sambalpur, viz. Sambalpur City Railway Station(SBPY), Sambalpur Road Railway Station(SBPD), Hirakud (HKG), across the Mahanadi and Maneswar Railway Station(MANE).


Air


The nearest airports are Jharsuguda Airport, Jharsuguda (62 km, 39 mi) and Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur (262 km, 163 mi) and Biju Patnaik International Airport, Bhubaneswar (325 km, 202 mi).



Demographics




























































Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1891 14,571 —    
1901 12,870 −11.7%
1941 17,079 +32.7%
1950 23,525 +37.7%
1961 38,915 +65.4%
1971 64,675 +66.2%
1981 110,283 +70.5%
1991 189,611 +71.9%
2001 226,469 +19.4%
2011 269,565 +19.0%
1891 to 1981 data of Sambalpur Municipality; from 1991 onwards the data presented is of Sambalpur Metropolitan Area

[24]


Sambalpur city is governed by a Municipality which comes under Sambalpur Metropolitan Area. As of 2011[update] India census,[25] Although Sambalpur city has a population of 183,383, its urban / metropolitan population is 269,575, of whom 138,826 are males and 130,749 are females;[26] this includes Burla and Hirakud. Sambalpur has an average literacy rate of 85.69%; which male literacy is 90.30 and female literacy is 80.92 percent. The sex ratio is 942 and the child sex ratio is 882. The total children (0-6) in Sambalpur city were 18,555 as per the Census India report of 2011. There were 9,857 boys while 8,698 were girls.


Sambalpur is very ethnically diverse, with about 14 communities including Brahmin, Teli (oil extractors), Gouda (milkmen), Guria (maker of sweets), Agaria (industrious cultivators), Sunari (goldsmith), Kultas (cultivators), Kewat (boatmen and fisherman), Dhobi (washermen), Bhuliya (weaver), Bhandari (barber), Kamar (blacksmith) Ganda (pipers and drummers) and Muslims, Sikhs and Christians cohabiting together.[27]





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Religions in Sambalpur
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 88.69%
Islam
 
 8.13%
Christianity
 
 1.83%
Others
 
 1.35%




Economy




A coal laden goods train at Sambalpur Road


The economy of Sambalpur is basically dependent on trade. Most of the residents are either salaried or self-employed. Forest products play an important role in the economy in terms of contribution to revenue and domestic product. Kendu leaf, Coromandel ebony or East Indian ebony (Diospyros melanoxylon) also forms part of the local economy, with many bidi manufacturing units functioning in Sambalpur.[28]


Gole Bazaar is the main merchandising area of the city. It is famous for handloom and other textile products.[29][30] Other merchandising areas are Khetrajpur, Fatak, V.S.S. marg, Budharaja and farm road. Jewellery shopping hotspots in Sambalpur include Baidyanath Chowk and Dhanupali where one can find shops like Alankar Jewellers (Dhanupali).[31] and Banka Jewellers.


Mahanadi Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited located at Sambalpur, produced 100.28 million tonnes (98.70 million long tons; 110.54 million short tons) of coal and had a profit before tax during 2010–2011 at Rs 4039.30 crore.[32]Hirakud, in the vicinity of Sambalpur, was conceptualized as an industrial town by the erstwhile Chief Minister of Odisha, Biju Patnaik. On completion of the Hirakud Dam, power intensive industries such as aluminium smelters, cable manufacturing, steel re-rolling mills etc. established their presence in Hirakud. In the 1970s, Hirakud was a major industrial centre of Odisha, perhaps next only to Rourkela. At this point in time however, the main functional unit at Hirakud is the aluminium smelter of Hindalco and its associated units. The smelter set up by Indal in 1959 at Hirakud and later acquired by Hindalco, was the country’s second aluminium smelter operating on grid power sourced from the hydro power station of the Hirakud Dam.[1] It was the first in India to adopt clean coal combustion technology that uses a circulating fluidised bed, which is considered environmentally friendly.[1] Currently the smelter has a capacity of 213,000 tonnes per year (210,000 long tons per year; 235,000 short tons per year), and provides employment to around 1700 persons.[1]



Education


Main article: Education in Sambalpur



Sambalpur University


The pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly English and Odia. The medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Other media of instruction also exist in Sambalpur. Schools and colleges in Sambalpur are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated with either the Orissa State Board under BSE or CHSE, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in higher secondary school, specialising in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science.


Since the 2000s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields. The earliest schools established in Sambalpur were the CSB Zilla School (1852) and the Lady Lewis Girls High School (1942).[33]VSS Medical College was established in 1959 and VSSUT in 1956. High School for Blind (1972) and High School for Deaf and Dumb (1972), Burla are Govt. educational institutions imparting education to physically challenged children.[33]




Sambalpur Football Academy


Sambalpur Kala Parishad is the pioneering organisation for the promotion of Sambalpuri dance, and has been responsible for the revolutionary growth of this dance.[27] It imparts education and training on this form of dance.


Educational institutions in the city include Gangadhar Meher University,[34] Women's College, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose College, Lala Lajpat Rai Law College, Silicon Institute of Technology, Sambalpur, Delhi Public School, Kendriya Vidyalaya, St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School (SJC-SBP), Gurunanak Public School, Madnawati Public School (MPS), Indian Public School (IPS), St. John's School, Seven Hills Residential School (SHRS), Sri Aurobindo School (SAIIE&R) and DAV Public School. IT education (computer education) facilities are provided by SCAT Corporation and it has multiple branches with named SCAT|Learning.[35] A new Indian Institute of Management, Sambalpur (IIM) has been set up in the city. The Sambalpur chapter of the Institute of Cost Accountants of India[36] was set up from 2010 at Deheripali, near Fatak, Sambalur, Odiaha.[37]



Culture


Main article: Sambalpuri Culture


Sambalpur Lok Mahotsav




Sambalpur Lok Mahostav


A cultural manifestation of the hidden age-old traditional performing art of a vast geographical area is possible through this annual celebration of the festival called Lok Mahotsav. This festival is a reflection of the socio- anthropological evolution of the people of India. Lok Mahotsav shows the integrity and unison of the heritage, culture, music and lifestyle of Western Odisha. Live performances of folk music and dance from all parts of India are shown under one splendid stage.[38]



Sitalsasthi Carnival


Main article: Sitalsasthi Carnival

This is the marriage ceremony of the god Siva and goddess Parvati. Sitalsasthi is a carnival of folk dance and music along with decorated stands of gods and goddesses. People from all walks of life participate in large numbers in the carnival. Artists from different states of India take part in the carnival making it a colourful extravaganza.[39]



Architecture


The Pataneswari temple of Sambalpur was built by Balaram Dev, the first Chauhan ruler of Sambalpur in the last part of the 16th century. It consists of a sanctum with an enclosed circular count. The Pataneswari Deity is the temple of the goddess Kali.[40]


The Samaleswari temple in the town represents the finest Chauhan style of circumvallation around the sanctum.[41] The image of Samalei is a unique sculpture and appears to be a primitive deity worshipped by the local people. However, Samalei or Samaleswari is the tutelary deity of Chauhan dynasty of this area (Pasayat, 1998, 2003, 2007, 2008).



Tourism


The world-famous Hirakud Dam, built in 1956 across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Sambalpur, is a major tourist attraction. It is one of the longest dams in the world, about 26 km (16 mi) in length. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir covering 743 km2 (287 sq mi) at full capacity with a shoreline of over 640 km (400 mi).[42] It also attracts a large number of migratory birds in winter.


The Leaning Temple of Huma, located about 25 km (16 mi) from Sambalpur, built in the 17th century, leans at an angle of approximately 47 degrees to the west. (Pasayat, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008).[43] It is one of a kind in India.


Samaleswari Temple is the main temple of the goddess Samaleswari, located on the banks of river the Mahanadi. Sambalpur owes its name to her.[44]


Chiplima[45] (Chipilima Hydro Electric Project (CHEP)) located about 37 km (23 mi) from Sambalpur, is known for a natural fall (24.38 m (80.0 ft) in height) harnessed for generating electricity. It is an ideal picnic spot and famous for Ghanteswari Temple, the presiding deity of the place. This temple played an important role for river navigation in the past.[45]



Lost temples of Hirakud Dam


These are remnants of temples submerged after the dam was completed in 1957. In summer, due to the receding water of the dam, the structures become visible. These hidden treasures have finally caught the attention of historians and steps are being taken to understand the historical significance of these temples which periodically go under water, only to resurface again. Many temples have been destroyed after 58 years of underwater existence. However, some remain intact.[46][47]


Interest in these lost temples has been rekindled after two stones, etched with writing ('Shila Lekha'), were recovered from what is believed to be the Padmaseni temple of the submerged Padmapur village.[48] The temples located inside the reservoir area were part of the then Padmapur, one of the oldest and most populous villages in the region prior to the dam construction.[46] More than 200 temples were submerged by the dam; nearly 150 temples have either perished or are underwater and about 50 are visible during summer. These lost temples present excellent opportunities for scuba diving enthusiasts to explore under the Hirakud Dam. These temple are visible to visitors on boats only during the summer months of May and June.



Politics


Sambalpur is part of Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency).[49] Sitting MP from Sambalpur is Mr Nagendra Kumar Pradhan.[50] The current MLA from Sambalpur Assembly Constituency is Dr Raseswari Panigrahi of BJD. She is the sister of Late Sriballav Panigrahi who was a former Minister, Parliamentarian and legislator from Western Odisha. Previous MLAs from this seat were Jayanarayan Mishra; Durgashankar Pattanaik of INC, who won this seat in 1995 and 1990; Sraddhakar Supakar of INC in 1985; Ashwini Kumar Guru of INC (I) in 1980; and Late Dr. Jhasaketan Sahu of JNP in 1977. Sriballav Panigrahi of Indian National Congress represented Sambalpur in the Odisha Lesgislative Assembly in 1971 and 1973.[51]



Demand for a separate Kosal State


The demand for a separate State of Kosal is more than two decades old.[52] A regional political party, Kosal Kranti Dal, has been very active with this demand of a separate state and is the only political party to date supporting this demand.[53]



See also



  • Sambalpuri cinema

  • Sambalpuri language

  • Sambalpuri saree



References





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  32. ^ ab "Welcome To Our Website : RTI Central Monitoring Mechanism by Govt. of Orissa [RTI CMM v2.1]". Rtiorissa.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2012-03-23.


  33. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2009-10-19.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  34. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2014-08-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  35. ^ http://icmai.in/icmai/index.php


  36. ^ http://icmai.in/Chapters-Website/index.php?chapterID=77&parent=EIRC


  37. ^ "Lok Mahotasav - 2012". sambalpur.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-03-25.


  38. ^ "The Famous Sital Sasthi Yatra". Sambalpur.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-20.


  39. ^ Indira Gandhi National Centre For The Arts Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  40. ^ Indira Gandhi National Centre For The Arts Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. (PDF). Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  41. ^ Hirakud Dam Archived November 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Sambalpur.nic.in. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  42. ^ Orissa Tourism – Huma, The Leaning Temple Of Lord Shiva Archived May 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Orissadiary.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  43. ^ Welcome to Maa Samaleswari Temple, Sambalpur, Odisha Archived October 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Samaleswari.org. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  44. ^ ab Tourist Spots In Sambalpur District Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Sambalpur.nic.in. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  45. ^ ab "Temples resurface in Hirakud bed". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-04-13.


  46. ^ "Hirakud | Kosal Discussion and Development Forum". kddfonline.com. Retrieved 2015-04-13.


  47. ^ "Ancient rock edicts discovered in Odisha -". OdishaSunTimes.com. Retrieved 2015-04-13.


  48. ^ "Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-09-18.


  49. ^ "Lok Sabha Election result 2014 live updates State wise". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-04-13.


  50. ^ "State Elections 2004 – Partywise Comparison for 128-Sambalpur Constituency of Odisha". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2008-09-18.


  51. ^ Odisha's turn: Thousands stage rally for Kosal state – India News – IBNLive. Ibnlive.in.com (2010-02-03). Retrieved on 2011-01-20.


  52. ^ Kranti Dal Archived May 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. Kosal. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.




Sources



  • Panda, S. S. and C. Pasayat (Eds.) (2009), Veer Surendra Sai, Sambalpur: Anusheelan.

  • Pasayat, C. and P. K. Singh (Eds.) (2009), Veer Surendra Sai, Bhubaneswar: Paschim Odisha Agrani Sangathan.

  • Pasayat, C. (Ed.) (2008), Paschim Odisara Lokageeta (in Oriya), Bhubaneswar: Folklore Foundation.

  • Pasayat, C. (2008), Oral Tradition, Society and History, New Delhi: Mohit Publications

  • Pasayat, C. (2007), Tribe, Caste and Society, New Delhi: Mohit Publications.

  • Pasayat, C. (2007), History of Tribal Society and Culture, New Delhi: Zenith Books International.

  • Pasayat, C. (Ed.) (2007), Adivasi Moukhika Sahitya Parampara (in Oriya), Kolkata: Sahitya Akademi.

  • Pasayat, C. (2007), "State Formation and Culture Assimilation in Medieval Odisha: The Case of a Tribal Deity in Sambalpur" in Utkal Historical Research Journal, Vol. XX, pp. 71–83.

  • Pasayat, C. (2005), "Oral Narrative and Hindu Method of Assimilation: A Case of Marjarakesari in Narsinghnath" in The Odisha Historical Research Journal, Vol. XLVIII, No.1, pp. 12–25.

  • Pasayat, C. (2004), "Oral Tradition of Huma and Legitimisation of Chauhan Rule", The Odisha Historical Research Journal, Vol. XLVII, No.2, pp. 90–96.

  • Pasayat, C. (2004), "The Hindu Mode of Tribal Absorption and the State Formation during Medieval Period in Sambalpur", The Odisha Historical Research Journal, Vol. XLVII, No.3, pp. 83–89.

  • Pasayat, C. (2003), Glimpses of Tribal and Folkculture, New Delhi: Anmol Pub. Pvt. Ltd.



External links







  • Official website


  • Sambalpur travel guide from Wikivoyage












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