Mixing
Leuven
Leuven | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Municipality | |||
 Leuven Town Hall | |||
| |||
  Leuven Location in Belgium Location of Leuven in Flemish Brabant  | |||
| Coordinates: 50°53′N 04°42′E / 50.883°N 4.700°E / 50.883; 4.700Coordinates: 50°53′N 04°42′E / 50.883°N 4.700°E / 50.883; 4.700 | |||
| Country | Belgium | ||
| Community | Flemish Community | ||
| Region | Flemish Region | ||
| Province | Flemish Brabant | ||
| Arrondissement | Leuven | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Mohamed Ridouani (sp.a) | ||
| • Governing party/ies | SP.A, CD&V, groen | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 56.63 km2 (21.86 sq mi) | ||
| Population (1 January 2017)[1] | |||
| • Total | 100,291 | ||
| • Density | 1,800/km2 (4,600/sq mi) | ||
| Postal codes | 3000, 3001, 3010, 3012, 3018 | ||
| Area codes | 016 | ||
| Website | www.leuven.be | ||
Leuven (Dutch: [ˈløːvə(n)] (
listen)) or Louvain (French: Louvain, pronounced [luvɛ̃]; German: Löwen) is the capital of the province of Flemish Brabant in Belgium. It is located about 25 kilometres (16 miles) east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal. It is the eighth largest city in Belgium and the fourth in Flanders with more than 100,244 inhabitants (Federal Ministry of Home Affairs, 1/11/2016).
Leuven is home to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the largest and oldest university of the Low Countries and the oldest Catholic university still in existence.[2] The related university hospital of UZ Leuven is one of the largest hospitals in Europe. The city is also known for being the headquarters of Anheuser-Busch InBev, the world's largest brewer and one of the five largest consumer-goods companies in the world.
Contents
1 History
2 Climate
3 Economy
4 Demographics
4.1 Student population
5 Transport
6 Politics
6.1 Mayor
7 Culture
8 Sport
9 Buildings and landmarks
10 Gallery
11 Notable people from Leuven
11.1 Born in Leuven
11.2 Lived in Leuven
12 International relations
12.1 Twin towns/sister cities
12.2 Friendly relations
13 References
13.1 Bibliography
14 External links
History
Leuven on the Ferraris map (around 1775)
The earliest mention of Leuven (Loven) dates from 891, when a Viking army was defeated by the Frankish king Arnulf of Carinthia (see: Battle of Leuven). According to a legend, the city's red and white arms depict the blood-stained shores of the river Dyle after this battle.
Situated beside this river, and near to the stronghold of the Dukes of Brabant, Leuven became the most important centre of trade in the duchy between the 11th and 14th centuries. A token of its former importance as a centre of cloth manufacture is shown in that ordinary linen cloth was known, in late-14th-century and 15th-century texts, as lewyn (other spellings: Leuwyn, Levyne, Lewan(e), Lovanium, Louvain).[3]
In the 15th century, a new golden era began with the founding of what is now the largest and oldest university in the Low Countries, the Catholic University of Leuven, in 1425.[4]
In the 18th century, the brewery Den Horen (meaning "the horn") flourished. In 1708, Sebastien Artois became the master brewer at Den Horen, and gave his name to the brewery in 1717, now part of AB InBev, whose flagship beer, Stella Artois, is brewed in Leuven and sold in many countries.
Leuven has several times been besieged or occupied by foreign armies; these include the Battle of Leuven (891), Siege of Leuven (1635) and Battle of Leuven (1831).
View over Leuven, late 19th century
In the 20th century, both world wars inflicted major damage upon the city. Upon Germany's entry into World War I, the town was heavily damaged by rampaging soldiers.[5] In all, about 300 civilians lost their lives.[6] The university library was also destroyed on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles.[7][8] 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, a collection of 750 medieval manuscripts, and more than 1,000 incunabula (books printed before 1501).[8][9] The destruction of the library shocked the world, with the Daily Chronicle describing it as war not only against civilians but also against "posterity to the utmost generation."[10] It was rebuilt after the war, and much of the collection was replaced. Great Britain (on the initiative of the John Rylands Library in Manchester) and the United States were major providers of material for the replenishment of the collection.[6] The new library building was financed by the National Committee of the United States for the Restoration of the University of Louvain and built to the design of architect Whitney Warren; it was officially opened on 4 July 1928.[11] Richard Harding Davis, a war correspondent for the New York Tribune, was in Leuven (or Louvain, in Davis' account) and wrote a column titled "The Germans Were Like Men After an Orgy" in which he described the organized civilian murders and vandalism committed by the occupying troops.[12]
Destruction of the university library, 1914
In World War II, after the start of the German offensive, Leuven formed part of the British Expeditionary Force's front line and was defended by units of the 3rd Division and Belgian troops. From 14 to 16 May 1940, the German Army Group B assaulted the city with heavy air and artillery support. The British withdrew their forces to the River Senne on the night of 16 May and the town was occupied the next day.[13] The new university library building was set on fire by shelling, on 16 May, and nearly a million books were lost.[14]
Climate
| Climate data for Leuven (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) | 6.8 (44.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 18.5 (65.3) | 21.1 (70) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.2 (73.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 15.1 (59.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 6.3 (43.3) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) | 3.5 (38.3) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 13.5 (56.3) | 16.2 (61.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 14.9 (58.8) | 11.1 (52) | 6.8 (44.2) | 3.8 (38.8) | 10.5 (50.9) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) | 0.4 (32.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.4 (39.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.8 (55) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 3.9 (39) | 1.4 (34.5) | 6.4 (43.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 70.5 (2.776) | 59.5 (2.343) | 65.4 (2.575) | 50.0 (1.969) | 63.6 (2.504) | 70.4 (2.772) | 72.7 (2.862) | 71.3 (2.807) | 64.8 (2.551) | 71.9 (2.831) | 70.6 (2.78) | 76.1 (2.996) | 806.8 (31.764) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12.6 | 10.9 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 11.9 | 12.7 | 135.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 56 | 74 | 119 | 170 | 202 | 197 | 210 | 200 | 143 | 118 | 63 | 46 | 1,597 |
| Source: KMI/IRM[15] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Given the presence of the KU Leuven, Europe's most innovative university according to Reuters,[16] much of the local economy is concentrated on spin-offs from academic research. In addition, the Leuven-based research centre, IMEC, is a world class research centre in the field of nano-electronics and digital technologies.[17][better source needed] As a result, dozens of companies in high technological fields such as biotech, robotics, additive manufacturing and IT, are located near these research institutes on the Arenberg Science Park and Haasrode Research-Park. Quite a few international companies such as Siemens,[18] Huawei,[19]Nitto Denko, JSR Corporation or Commscope have important, often research oriented branches, in Leuven. The academic hospital Gasthuisberg is another advanced research institute. It is one of Europe's largest and most advanced hospitals. As a result, large numbers of private service providers are active in the medical, financial and legal fields.
Because it is the capital of the region of Flemish Brabant, many governmental institutions are located in Leuven, as well as the regional headquarters of transport corporations such as De Lijn.
As one of Flanders Art-Cities,[20] with a large range of cafés, restaurants, cultural institutions and shopping neighbourhoods, Leuven also attracts a fair share of tourists.
Leuven is the worldwide headquarters of Anheuser-Busch InBev, the largest beer company in the world and is considered one of the largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies in the world. InBev's Stella Artois brewery and main offices dominate the entire north-eastern part of the town, between the railway station and the canal to Mechelen.
Demographics
As of 1 November 2016[update], the population of Leuven was 100,244. The arrondissement of Leuven counted 494,189 in 2014.
The city itself is made up out of the centre of Leuven (30,313), Kessel-Lo (29,147), Heverlee (22,521), Wilsele (9,786) and Wijgmaal (3,592).
Student population
Nowadays, Leuven has a large Dutch-speaking student population (with more than 55,000 students enrolled in 2014-15), mainly concentrated around the city centre. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven; University of Leuven) is the oldest Catholic university still in existence in the world, and the largest university in Belgium. There are also a number of hogescholen (technical universities, literally translated: "high schools"), such as the UCLL (the UC Leuven-Limburg).
Transport
Within the city and its immediate surroundings, most distances can be covered on foot or with a bicycle. Several streets are off-limits to vehicle traffic and, within the city centre, road speed regulations prescribe 30 km/h (19 mph) as the maximum speed limit, making it a pedestrian and bicycle-friendly city. There are also a few car parking lots.
There are numerous buses, primarily from the public transport company De Lijn, that connect the city with the region while providing travel options within the city centre. The so-called Ringbus follows the ring road of the city. Except for long distance routes (such as to other cities) and other irregular bus services, most buses come by every 10 minutes. Buses 616, 652 and 651 connect Leuven with Brussels Airport.
Leuven railway station is located on the NMBS railway lines 35 (Leuven - Aarschot - Hasselt), 36 (Brussels - Liège), 36N (Schaarbeek - Leuven), 53 (Schellebelle - Leuven), and 139 (Leuven - Ottignies). In Bierbeek, south-west of Leuven, lies the beginning of HSL 2, the high-speed railway towards Liège.
The European route E40 passes Leuven in the south, the European route E314 connects leuven with the city of Aachen.
Politics
Mayor
The current mayor of Leuven is Louis Tobback, a socialist prominent on the national level, formerly minister of internal affairs and leader of the socialist faction in the lower chamber of the Belgian parliament, among other positions held. The governing coalition consists of SP.A (16 out of 45 seats in the municipal council) and CD&V (9 seats). The opposition is composed of N-VA (9 seats), Groen! (7 seats), open VLD (3 seats) and Vlaams Belang (1 seat). Following the result of the 2018 Belgian local elections, from 1 January 2019, the new governing coalition will consist of SP.A (14 out of 47 seats), Groen! (10 seats) and CD&V (8 seats), with SP.A providing the mayor with Mohamed Ridouani. The opposition will be composed of N-VA (11 seats), open VLD (2 seats), PVDA (1 seat) and Vlaams Belang (1 seat).[21]
Culture
One of Belgium's conservatories is based in Leuven: the Lemmens Institute, which is described as "Faculty of Music, Performing Arts and Education". It is known for its Music Therapy Education and its Wordart-Drama Education. Kunstencentrum STUK is a cultural centre and venue in the city center for music, theatre, sound art, and dance. Leuven is well known for its summer rock festival, Marktrock. Leuven also has some famous university orchestras, such as the University Symphony Orchestra (USO), the University Symphonic Band (UHO) and the Arenberg Orchestra (Arenbergorkest).[22]
In September 2009, the 'M - Museum Leuven' opened in Leuven. It is a museum for both contemporary and historical art, located near het Ladeuzeplein. It has hosted exhibitions by international artists such as Angus Fairhurst, Sol LeWitt, Roe Ethridge and Charles Burns as well as Belgian artists such as Ilse D'Hollander, Jan Vercruysse, Antoon Van Dyck and Freek Wambacq.
Leuven also has a rich beer culture, being the birthplace of several beers such as Stella Artois,[4] Leuvense Tripel, Domus[4] and Keizersberg. It also has several bars priding themselves in offering a wide variety of local and international beers, including a bar that claims to offer more than 3000 different beers.
The Higher Institute of Philosophy is famous worldwide for the archives of the German philosopher Edmund Husserl.
Sport
The main football club of the municipality is Oud-Heverlee Leuven, successor of Stade Leuven. The city's prime basketball team are the Leuven Bears. They play their home games in the SportOase. The Cyclocross Leuven is a cyclo-cross race held in January.
Buildings and landmarks
- The Town Hall, built between 1439 and 1463 by Sulpitius van Vorst, Jan II Keldermans, and following their death, Matheus de Layens, in a Brabantian late-Gothic style. In the 19th century, 236 statues were added to the exterior, each representing a prominent local scholar, artist or noble from the city’s history. The reception hall dates from 1750.
St. Peter's Church (1425–1500) was finished by Jan Keldermans and Matheus de Layens. During the Second World War, the church was damaged. During the restoration, a Romanesque crypt from the 11th century was found. In the church itself, there are several paintings from the 15th to 18th centuries (among which, Dirk Bouts' famous painting of the last supper) and the grave of Duke Henry I of Brabant. The 50-metre-high tower — which was meant to be 169 metres high, but was never completed — is home to a carillon. The tower was included in UNESCO's list of Belfries of Belgium and France in 1999.- Saint-Anthony's Chapel, Pater Damiaanplein, from the 17th to the 20th centuries, contains the tomb of Father Damien, the "leper priest" of Molokai, who was canonised by Pope Benedict XVI on Sunday 11 October 2009.[23][24] The Catholic Encyclopedia calls him "the Apostle of the Lepers",[25] and elsewhere, he is known as the "leper priest". The Catholic priest's remains were returned in Belgium with great fanfare in 1936, after having been originally buried on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai where he had served the outcast lepers until his death.
- The Linen-hall, in an early-Gothic style, with baroque addition, is today the University Hall.
- The Church of Saint Michael was built in the typical Jesuit Baroque Style.
- The Church of Saint Quinten incorporates remains of a Romanesque church built in the 13th century.
- The University Library on the Ladeuzeplein was built by the American architect Whitney Warren. It was a gift from the American people to Leuven after World War I, during which the Germans burned down the original library. The tower houses one of the largest carillons in the world.
'Totem' is a statue at the centre of the Ladeuzeplein; it is a work of the Belgian artist Jan Fabre. Featuring a 23-metre-high needle impaling a giant jewelled beetle, the statue towers over the square in front of the university library.- There is a Neo-Romanesque Abbey on the Keizersberg ("Emperor's Mountain"), where there once stood a 12th-century ducal castle, which was demolished in the 17th century.
- The Large Beguinage is one of the world's best remaining examples of its architectural type. It was recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1998.
- There are several other smaller churches and chapels throughout the town.
'Fonske' is a statue near the centre of town. Its full name is Fons Sapientiae, Latin for "fountain of wisdom". The statue represents a university student who, while reading a book, lets wisdom flow into his head as liquid from a glass. Just like Manneken Pis in Brussels, Fonske is, from time to time, dressed in costumes appropriate for specific occasions.- The 'Oude Markt' or Old Market square located in the centre of Leuven features a vibrant social scene, the centre of which displays a life-size statue of 'De Kotmadam', or "The Landlady" resting on a bench.
- Lerkeveld is a famous Jesuit abbey, and headquarters of the Jesuits in Belgium.
St Anthony's College, Leuven was located in the city, on Pater Damiaanplein. The Leuven Institute for Ireland in Europe is now located on the premises.
Sint-Donatus Park contains remains of the medieval city wall.
Arenberg Castle was originally built in 16th century in the Renaissance style and was extensively renovated in the Neogothic style in the 19th century. The duke of Arenberg donated the domain to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1916. It is open to the public. It has a beautiful green park outside with gardens. Eggs of wild ducks can be seen around the park.
Gallery
Town hall and war damage, in 1914
Town hall, around 1932
Town hall
View of the Brusselsestraat from De Grote Markt
The University Library
Fonske
Jacquemart at the Collegiate church in Leuven
Castle Arenberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven train station
Groot-Begijnhof
Adrian-VI College
Martelarenplein
Rector De Somerplein
Oude Markt
Notable people from Leuven
Born in Leuven
- Most Dukes of Brabant in the 12th and 13th centuries
Maria of Brabant, queen consort of France (1256–1321)
Louis Elsevier, book publisher (1540–1617)
Quentin Matsys, painter (1466–1530)
Petrus van der Aa, jurist (1530–1594)
Valerio Profondavalle, painter (b. 1533)
Adriaan van Roomen, mathematician (1561–1615)
Charles de Bériot, violinist (1802–1870)
Eugène Prévinaire, second governor of the National Bank of Belgium (1805–1877)
Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck, palaeontologist and chemist (1809–1887)
Jean Stas, analytical chemist (1813–1891)
Bernardine Hamaekers opera singer (1836–1912)
Arthur De Greef, pianist and composer (1862–1940)
Jean Hissette, ophthalmologist (1888–1965)
Hortense Clews World War II Resistance worker and concentration camp survivor (b. 1926)
Arthur Berckmans, comics author (b. 1929)
Mark Eyskens, politician and former Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1933)
Jan Hoet, curator and art critic (b. 1936)
Louis Tobback, politician and mayor (b. 1938)
Emiel Puttemans, middle- and long-distance runner (b. 1947)
Jaak Pijpen, media personality (b. 1952)
Frank Vandenbroucke, politician (b. 1955)
Martin Margiela, fashion designer (b. 1957)
Didier de Radiguès, professional motorsports competitor (b. 1958)
William Van Dijck, athlete, 1987 World Championships bronze medallist in 3000m steeplechase (b. 1961)
Thomas Meuwissen, violinmaker (b. 1966)
Bruno Bosteels, philosopher, known for English translations of Alain Badiou (b. 1967)
Kim Gevaert, sprint athlete, Olympic gold medalist in 4×100 relay Beijing 2008 (Silver; Gold after Russian disqualification) (b. 1978)
Jonathan Vandenbroeck, singer-songwriter, better known as Milow (b. 1981)
Dries Mertens, footballer (b. 1987)
Selah Sue, musician and songwriter (b. 1989)- Joseph Heremans, professor and immunologist (1927–1975)
Lived in Leuven
Jean Baptiste Abbeloos, orientalist and rector of the University of Leuven (1836–1906)
Adrian VI, pope and theologian (1459–1523)
Michel Baius, theologian (1513–1589)
Dirk Bouts, painter (c. 1410/20–1475)
Eustace Chapuys, Imperial ambassador to England (1489–1556)
Matheus de Layens, architect (d.1483)- Koenraad Elst
Desiderius Erasmus, humanist and theologian (1466–1536)
Cornelius Jansen, father of Jansenism (1585–1638)
Jean-Baptiste Janssens, philosophy teacher, Superior General of the Society of Jesus (1889–1964)
Georges Lemaître, astronomer (1894–1966), notable for proposing the Big Bang theory for the origin of the universe, dubbed by hims as "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic Egg".
Christian de Duve, cytologist and biochemist, recipient of the 1974 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (b. 1917)
Abdul Qadeer Khan, metallurgical engineer (b. 1935)
Daniël Theys, expressive artist and glassmaker (b. 1953)
Ron Lewis, basketball player (b. 1984)
Margaret of Louvain, servant, Catholic saint (1207–1225)
Justus Lipsius, philologist and humanist (1547–1606)
Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, Irish chronicler (1590–1643)
Jan Van der Roost, composer (b. 1956)
Philip Verheyen, surgeon and rector of the University of Leuven (1648–1711)
Andreas Vesalius, anatomist, physician (1514–1564)
Gerardus Mercator, Flemish cartographer (1512–1594)
Johannes Basius, agent and advisor of William of Orange (1540–1596)- Joseph Heremans, Professor, Immunologist, discovered IgA and coined the term Immunoglobulins (1927–1975)
International relations
Twin towns/sister cities
Leuven is twinned with:
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
Kraków, Poland[26]
Lüdenscheid, Germany
Rennes, France
Tainan, Taiwan
Friendly relations
Aside from the aforementioned cities, Leuven has friendly relations with:
Cristian, Romania
New Delhi, India[27]
Stellenbosch, South Africa
References
- Notes
^ Population per municipality as of 1 January 2017 (XLS; 397 KB)
^ "History of KU Leuven". kuleuven.be..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "Blaeu Atlas (UCLA Library – YRL Reference and Instructional Services)". Library.ucla.edu. 2 April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2002. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ abc Fodor's Travel Publications, Inc (January 2009). Fodor's Belgium. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4000-0881-0.
^ Michael S. Neiberg, Fighting the Great War: A Global History, Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 15.
^ ab
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Louvain". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
^ Kramer, Alan (2008). Dynamic Of Destruction, Culture and mass killing in the first world war. Penguin. ISBN 9781846140136.
^ ab Gibson, Craig (30 January 2008). "The culture of destruction in the First World War". Times Literary Supplement. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
^ Knuth 2006, p. 164.
^ Tuchman 1962, p. 321.
^ The burning of the library of Leuven and the international response Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Mark Derez, 2012, University Archives KU Leuven (pp. 9-12)
^ "The Burning of Louvain - World War I Document Archive". wwi.lib.byu.edu.
^ *Ellis, L. F. (1954) The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940. J. R. M. Butler (ed.). HMSO. London (p. 62)
^ Derez p. 13
^ "Climate data Leuven" (PDF). KMI/IRM. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ "KU Leuven once again tops Reuters ranking of Europe's most innovative universities".
^ IMEC
^ "Siemens acquires LMS International".
^ "Huawei Launches New European Research Institute to Gear up European Digitization Progress and Achieve Win-Win Outcomes - Huawei Press Center". huawei.
^ http://www.visitflanders.com/en/destinations/
^ "New coalition: sp.a/Groen/CD&V" [Nieuwe coalitie: sp.a/Groen/CD&V]. hln.be. 14 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
^ arenbergorkest.ulyssis.be (in Dutch)
^ "'Apostle of the Lepers,' Spanish mystic among 10 to be canonized". Catholic News Agency. www.catholicnewsagency.com. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ "Pope Proclaims Five New Saints". Radio Vaticana. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Boeynaems, Libert H. (1913). "Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster)". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ "Kraków - Miasta Bliźniacze" [Kraków - Twin Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ "Samenwerking tussen Leuven en New Delhi verankerd" (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Louvain". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
Bibliography
"Louvain", chapter from George Wharton Edwards's 1911 book, Some Old Flemish Towns. (Wikisource)- Knuth, Rebecca (2006). Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist Violence and Cultural Destruction. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
- Tuchman, Barbara (1962). The Guns of August. New York: Macmillan.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to [[commons:|]]. |
- Official website
 | Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Leuven. |
Detailed map of Leuven (detailed map of Leuven by the KUL)- Streets worldwide named after Leuven, zoomable
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