巴图鲁






有“满洲第一巴图鲁”[1]之称的清初权臣鳌拜
本页面包含满文字母，部分操作系统及浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示为滿文字母，否则可能出现未成連寫體的字母或其他符號。

巴图鲁（满语：ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵᡠ，转写：baturu），有“英雄”[2]、“勇士”[3]之意，为满洲传统封号之一[4]，后来成为清朝时期赏赐有战功之人的封号[5]。因其用来表彰获封之人的武功[6]，故而又有“勇号”之称[4]。




目录






  • 1 用法


  • 2 另见


  • 3 注释


  • 4 引证


  • 5 参考资料





用法


巴图鲁源自蒙古语的“英雄”（蒙古语：.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian BT","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian BT","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian"}
ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠣᠷ，西里尔字母：баатар，即“巴特尔”）一词，在元、明时期有“拔都”、“拔都鲁”、“把都儿”等不同汉语音译[7]。到了明朝末期，巴图鲁成为女真人的称号[4]，此后又逐渐发展为清朝时期赏赐武将的封号。一般而言，巴图鲁勇号有两种：第一种只作巴图鲁，不再加上别的修饰词语，是为普通勇号；第二种在巴图鲁之上还添加其他字样，是为专称勇号[4]。


普通勇号仅见于清前和清初[注 1][4]。起初直接加于获封之人的原名之下，后来则改加于本人原名之上[注 2][8]。专称勇号可见于清朝各个时期[9]。开始仅上加满语词冠于巴图鲁之前，清中后期开始使用汉字，仅限两字，通常称作“某勇巴图鲁”[5]。所赐字号有时是可以更改的[10]。起初获封者得此称号后，便只称勇号，不再称本名[11]，擅自呼以原名者会被治罪[12]，而且为避免重复，专称勇号不能同时存在两个一样的情况，不同时期则可[注 3][10]。到了清朝中后期则有所变化。至嘉庆初年，开始有人获封同一满语名称但汉字音译不同的勇号[注 4]；到了同治年间则出现了获封勇号一模一样的例子[注 5]。虽然与入关前制度相悖，但因当时专称勇号已经不再替代获封者本人的原名，因而有所重复也已非要紧之事[13]。专称巴图鲁的字号虽然有满、汉文字之分，但所赐之人并不因文字之别而产生满汉之限。有很多旗人将领获汉字勇号[注 6]、汉人将领获满字勇号[注 7]的例子[14]。满字、汉字勇号本来无所谓高低差别，但到了同治、光绪年间，武将获战功后常常会将汉字勇号换为满字，于是便有了由汉字改为满字勇号为“晋号”的说法[13]。


巴图鲁之称在于表彰战功，因此常有小官可得，大官却不可得的情况[5]。文臣掌兵立有功勋之人也可获赐巴图鲁勇号[5]。清兵入关前，因战事频繁，得此荣誉之人较多。然而在康熙至乾隆初年，虽然也有诸多大规模战事，但当时之名将却未有获此殊荣者[13]。直至乾隆二十年（1755年），开始复授巴图鲁勇号，虽功勋卓著之人仍不易获得。到了咸丰、同治年间，巴图鲁勇号的赏赐逐渐变得非常频繁，比起之前的风气已截然不同[15]。



另见



  • 巴特尔

  • 黄马褂

  • 烏斯滿·巴圖爾



注释





  1. ^ 如清太祖努尔哈赤的大伯礼敦、开国五大臣之一的额亦都、还有穆克谭、吴巴海等人


  2. ^ 比如额亦都，《太祖武皇帝实录》称其为“厄一都把土鲁”（额亦都巴图鲁），而《东华录》则作“巴图鲁额亦都”


  3. ^ 例如安费扬古于天命年间获封“硕翁科罗巴图鲁”，其死后劳萨又于天聪八年（1634年）又获得该勇号，同年图鲁什也获追封为“硕翁科罗巴图鲁”，因为他们并非同时存世


  4. ^ 如乌什哈达获封“法福哩巴图鲁”、富志那为“法福礼巴图鲁”、王文雄为“法佛礼巴图鲁”，三者所得称号在满语中实为一词。


  5. ^ 如赵德光、周达武、李长乐同时赐号“博奇巴图鲁”；余际昌、滕嗣武、曾国荃同时赐号“伟勇巴图鲁”；程学启、郑国魁同时赐号“勃勇巴图鲁”。


  6. ^ 如福康安获封“嘉勇巴图鲁”、达三泰为“常勇巴图鲁”、果权为“志勇巴图鲁”、德楞泰为“继勇巴图鲁”


  7. ^ 如罗思举获封“苏勒芳巴图鲁”、张国樑为“霍罗绮巴图鲁”、唐友耕为“额勒莫克依巴图鲁”。




引证





  1. ^ 搜狐新闻：考证显示，“满洲第一勇士” 鳌拜祖籍长春双阳


  2. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第189页


  3. ^ 安双成 1993，第396页


  4. ^ 4.04.14.24.34.4 郑天挺 2009，第190页


  5. ^ 5.05.15.25.3 郑天挺 2009，第193页


  6. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第193页


  7. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第189-190页


  8. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第190-191页


  9. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第191-192页


  10. ^ 10.010.1 郑天挺 2009，第192页


  11. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第191页


  12. ^ 中国第一历史档案馆译 1980，第1219页


  13. ^ 13.013.113.2 郑天挺 2009，第194页


  14. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第193-194页


  15. ^ 郑天挺 2009，第195页




参考资料





  • 安双成. 《满汉大词典》. 辽宁民族出版社. 1993. ISBN 9787805273785. 


  • 郑天挺. 《探微集》. 中华书局. 2009. ISBN 9787101069853. 


  • 中国第一历史档案馆译. 《满文老档（译著）》. 中华书局. 1980. ISBN 9787101005875. 









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