Euro NCAP






Euro NCAP logo


The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) is a European car safety performance assessment programme (i.e. a New Car Assessment Program) based in Brussels (Belgium) and founded in 1997 by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department for Transport and backed by several European governments, as well as by the European Union.[1] Their slogan is "For Safer Cars".




Contents






  • 1 History and activities


  • 2 Comparing test results


  • 3 Euro NCAP Advanced


  • 4 See also


    • 4.1 General


    • 4.2 Safety organisations




  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





History and activities


Euro NCAP is a voluntary vehicle safety rating system created by the Swedish Road Administration, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and International Consumer Research & Testing, and backed by the European Commission, seven European governments, and motoring and consumer organisations in every EU country.[2][3]


The programme is modelled after the New Car Assessment Program, introduced 1979 by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.[4]
Other areas with similar (but not identical) programmes include Australia and New Zealand with ANCAP, Latin America with Latin NCAP and China with C-NCAP.[5]


They publish safety reports on new cars, and awards 'star ratings' based on the performance of the vehicles in a variety of crash tests, including front, side and pole impacts, and impacts with pedestrians. The top overall rating is five stars.


The frontal tests are performed at 64 km/h (40 mph) into an offset deformable barrier. This is designed to represent an impact with a vehicle of similar mass and structure as the car itself.[6]
The side impact tests are performed at 50 km/h (31 mph), but the side impact pole test is performed at 32 km/h (20 mph). The pedestrian safety tests are performed at 40 km/h (25 mph).




Euro NCAP frontal test




Euro NCAP side impact




Euro NCAP pedestrian test




Euro NCAP side impact, pole test


From January 1, 2009, they adopted the rear-impact (whiplash) test as part of their new crash-test regimen. This new rating system also focused more of the overall score on pedestrian protection; Euro NCAP were concerned that car manufacturers were too fixed on occupant safety rather than the safety of those outside the vehicle. Results of the first cars to be tested under the new scheme were released in February 2009.


Over the years, European automakers' cars have become much safer, partly as a result of the Euro NCAP standards. Test results are commonly presented by motor press, and in turn, greatly influence consumer demand for a vehicle. One notable example of this is the Rover 100 (an update of a 1980 design), which after receiving a one-star Adult Occupant Rating in the tests in 1997, suffered from poor sales and was withdrawn from production soon afterwards.[7]BMW's 2007 MINI, for example, had its bonnet and headlamp fixture changed to meet the latest pedestrian safety requirements.[8]


Testing is not mandatory, with vehicle models either being independently chosen by Euro NCAP or sponsored by the manufacturers.[9] In Europe, new cars are certified as legal for sale under the Whole Vehicle Type Approval regimen that differs from Euro NCAP. According to Euro NCAP,[10] "The frontal and side impact crash tests used by Euro NCAP are based on those used in European legislation. However, much higher performance requirements are used by Euro NCAP. The frontal impact speed used by Euro NCAP is 64 km/h compared 56 km/h for legislation." Euro NCAP also states that "Legislation sets a minimum compulsory standard whilst Euro NCAP is concerned with best possible current practice. Progress with vehicle safety legislation can be slow, particularly as all EU Member States’ views have to be taken into account. Also, once in place, legislation provides no further incentive to improve, whereas Euro NCAP provides a continuing incentive by regularly enhancing its assessment procedures to stimulate further improvements in vehicle safety."



Comparing test results


The Euro NCAP frontal impact tests simulates crashing a car into another of "similar mass and structure". This means that the ratings can only be meaningfully compared between cars of the same type and size.[6] These structural categories are used:



  • Passenger car


  • Multi-purpose vehicle (MPV)

  • Off-roader

  • Roadster

  • Pickup


In each category, cars within 150 kg of one another are considered comparable.[6]



Euro NCAP Advanced


Euro NCAP Advanced is a reward system launched in 2010 for advanced safety technologies, complementing Euro NCAP’s existing star rating scheme. Euro NCAP rewards and recognizes car manufacturers that make available new safety technologies which demonstrate a scientifically proven safety benefit for consumers and society.[11] By rewarding technologies, Euro NCAP provides an incentive to manufacturers to accelerate the standard fitment of important safety equipment across their model ranges.[12]


These technologies have been rewarded:



  • Blind spot monitoring

  • Lane support systems

  • Speed alert systems (ISA)

  • Autonomous emergency braking

  • Attention assist

  • Automatic emergency call (eCall)

  • Precrash systems

  • Vision enhancement systems



See also



General



  • Automobile safety rating

  • Car classification

  • Car safety

  • Road safety

  • Crumple zone



Safety organisations



  • Latin NCAP

  • ASEAN NCAP

  • Transport Research Laboratory

  • World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

  • Australasian New Car Assessment Program

  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety



References





  1. ^ Larsen, Pernille (2011-05-25). "Euro NCAP's standard set for upcoming electric and range-extender cars". fiabrussels.com. Brussels: Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-02..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Euro NCAP Timeline - Euro NCAP Launched". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2017-11-08.


  3. ^ "List of Euro NCAP Members and Test Facilities". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP.


  4. ^ "The New Car Assessment Program Suggested Approaches for Future Program Enhancements" (PDF). safercar.com. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. January 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-24.


  5. ^ "What's C-NCAP?". c-ncap.org.cn. C-NCAP. January 2007. Retrieved 2010-05-18.


  6. ^ abc "Comparable cars". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-08-12.


  7. ^ "Ten Years of Crashing New Cars". racfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2008-01-26.


  8. ^ "Exclusive first drive of the refreshed British small car". edmunds.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2008-01-26.


  9. ^ "Cars chosen for testing". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2010-07-19.


  10. ^ "General questions about Euro NCAP". euroncap.com. Euro NCAP. Archived from the original on 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2010-05-18.


  11. ^ "Euro NCAP Advanced Rewards". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 2018-10-26.


  12. ^ "Euro NCAP Advanced Rewards Press Release". Euro NCAP. 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2018-10-26.




External links








  • Euro NCAP | The European New Car Assessment Programme

  • European New Car Assessment Programme









Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th
Read more

章鱼与海女图

Image
本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして
Read more

New York City Police Department

Image
"NYPD" and "New York City Cops" redirect here. For other uses, see NYPD (disambiguation). Not to be confused with New York City Sheriff's Office or New York State Police. City of New York Police Department NYPD patch NYPD patrol officer's shield Flag of the New York City Police Department Common name New York City Police Department Abbreviation NYPD Motto Fidelis ad mortem (English: "Faithful Unto Death" ) Agency overview Formed May 23, 1845 ; 173 years ago  ( 1845-05-23 ) Employees 55,304 Annual budget US$5.6 billion (2018) Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction New York City, U.S. Map of City of New York Police Department's jurisdiction. Size 468.484 square miles (1,213.37 km 2 ) Population 8,537,673 [1] Legal jurisdiction New York City General nature Local civilian police Local civilian agency Headquarters 1 Police Plaza Park Row Lower Manhattan (across th
Read more