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Chapel
Chapel of St Michael & St George, St Paul's Cathedral, London.
A schematic rendering of typical "side chapels" in the apse of a cathedral, surrounding the ambulatory.
The term chapel usually refers to a Christian place of prayer and worship that is attached to a larger, often nonreligious institution or that is considered an extension of a primary religious institution. It may be part of a larger structure or complex, such as a college, hospital, palace, prison, funeral home, church, synagogue or mosque,[1] located on board a military or commercial ship, or it may be an entirely free-standing building, sometimes with its own grounds.[2]Chapel has also referred to independent or nonconformist places of worship in Great Britain—outside the established church.[3][4]
Until the Protestant Reformation, a chapel denoted a place of worship that was either at a secondary location that was not the main responsibility of the local parish priest, or that belonged to a person or institution. The earliest Christian places of worship are now often referred to as chapels, as they were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within a building. Most larger churches had one or more secondary altars, which if they occupied a distinct space, would often be called a chapel. In Russian Orthodox tradition, the chapels were built underneath city gates, where most people could visit them. The most famous example is the Iberian Chapel.
Although chapels frequently refer to Christian places of worship, they are also commonly found in Jewish synagogues and do not necessarily denote a specific denomination. In England—where the Church of England is established by law—non-denominational or inter-faith chapels in such institutions may nonetheless be consecrated by the local Anglican bishop. Non-denominational chapels are commonly encountered as part of a non-religious institution such as a hospital, airport, university or prison.[5] Many military installations have chapels for the use of military personnel, normally under the leadership of a military chaplain.[6]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Proprietary chapels
2 Modern usage
3 Notable chapels
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History
The earliest Christian places of worship were not dedicated buildings but rather a dedicated chamber within a building, such as a room in an individual's home. Here one or two people could pray without being part of a communion/congregation. People who like to use chapels may find it peaceful and relaxing to be away from the stress of life, without other people moving around them.
Cappella Palatina in Palermo (illustrated) and Palatine Chapel in Aachen are two most famous palatine chapels of Europe.
The word, chapel, like the associated word, chaplain, is ultimately derived from Latin.[7] More specifically, the word "chapel" is derived from a relic of Saint Martin of Tours: traditional stories about Martin relate that while he was still a soldier, he cut his military cloak in half to give part to a beggar in need. The other half he wore over his shoulders as a "small cape" (Latin: capella). The beggar, the stories claim, was Christ in disguise, and Martin experienced a conversion of heart, becoming first a monk, then abbot, then bishop. This cape came into the possession of the Frankish kings, and they kept the relic with them as they did battle. The tent which kept the cape was called the capella and the priests who said daily Mass in the tent were known as the capellani. From these words, via Old French, we get the names "chapel" and "chaplain".
The word also appears in the Irish language in the Middle Ages, as Welsh people came with the Norman and Old English invaders to the island of Ireland. While the traditional Irish word for church was eaglais (derived from ecclesia), a new word, séipéal (from cappella), came into usage.
A nonconformist chapel in Pwllheli, Wales. Unlike historic chapels, this is not attached to a larger place of worship.
In British history, "chapel" or "meeting house", was formerly the standard designation for church buildings belonging to independent or Nonconformist religious societies and their members. It was a word particularly associated with the pre-eminence of independent religious practice in rural regions of England and Wales, the northern industrial towns of the late 18th and 19th centuries, and centres of population close to but outside the City of London. As a result, "chapel" is sometimes used as an adjective in the UK to describe the members of such churches ("I'm Chapel.").
Proprietary chapels
A proprietary chapel is one that originally belonged to a private person. In the 19th century they were common, often being built to cope with urbanisation. Frequently they were set up by evangelical philanthropists with a vision of spreading Christianity in cities whose needs could no longer be met by the parishes. Some functioned more privately, with a wealthy person building a chapel so they could invite their favorite preachers.[8] They are anomalies in the English ecclesiastical law, having no parish area, but being able to have an Anglican clergyman licensed there. Historically many Anglican Churches were Proprietary Chapels. Over the years they have often been converted into normal Parishes.
Modern usage
Celebration Chapel of Kingston, New York's historic Rondout district is a Wedding chapel for gay/lesbian and straight weddings and non-religious weddings.
While the usage of the word "chapel" is not exclusively limited to Christian terminology, it is most often found in that context. Nonetheless, the word's meaning can vary by denomination, and non-denominational chapels (sometimes called "meditation rooms") can be found in many hospitals, airports, and even the United Nations headquarters. Chapels can also be found for worship in Judaism.
The word "chapel" is in particularly common usage in the United Kingdom, and especially in Wales, for Nonconformist places of worship; and in Scotland and Ireland for Roman Catholic churches. In the UK, due to the rise in Nonconformist chapels during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by the time of the 1851 census, more people attended the independent chapels than attended the state religion's Anglican churches.
In Roman Catholic Church canon law, a chapel, technically called an "oratory", is a building or part thereof dedicated to the celebration of services, particularly the Mass, which is not a parish church. This may be a private chapel, for the use of one person or a select group (a bishop's private chapel, or the chapel of a convent, for instance); a semi-public oratory, which is partially available to the general public (a seminary chapel that welcomes visitors to services, for instance); or a public oratory (for instance, a hospital or university chapel).
Chapels that are built as part of a larger church are holy areas set aside for some specific use or purpose: for instance, many cathedrals and large churches have a "Lady Chapel" in the apse, dedicated to the Virgin Mary; parish churches may have such a "Lady Chapel" in a side aisle or a "Chapel of Reservation" or "Blessed Sacrament Chapel" where the consecrated bread of the Eucharist is kept in reserve between services, for the purpose of taking Holy Communion to the sick and housebound and, in some Christian traditions, for devotional purposes.
Common uses of the word chapel today include:
- Side-chapel – a chapel within a cathedral or larger church building.
Lady chapel – these are really a form of side chapel, but have been included separately as they are extremely prevalent in the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. They are dedicated to the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary.- Ambassador's Chapel – originally created to allow ambassadors from Catholic countries to worship whilst on duty in Protestant countries.
- Bishop's Chapel – in Anglican and Roman Catholic canon law, bishops have the right to have a chapel in their own home, even when travelling (such personal chapels may be granted only as a favor to other priests)
- Chapel of rest – not a place of worship as such, but a comfortably decorated room in a funeral director's premises, where family and friends can view the deceased before the funeral.
Chapel of ease – constructed in large parishes to allow parishioners easy access to a church or chapel.
Multifaith chapel – found within hospitals, airports and universities, etc.; often converted from being exclusively Christian.- Summer chapel – A small church in a resort area that functions only during the summer when vacationers are present.
- Wayside chapel or Country chapel – Small chapels in the countryside
The first airport chapel was created in 1951 in Boston[which?] for airport workers but grew to include travelers. It was originally Catholic, but chapels today are often multifaith.[9]
Notable chapels
St. Ivan Rilski Chapel in Antarctica
| Chapel | Year | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Bethesda Methodist Chapel, Hanley | 1887 | Hanley, Staffordshire, England |
| Biddlestone Chapel | 1856 | Biddlestone, Northumberland, England |
| Boardwalk Chapel | 1945 | The Wildwoods, New Jersey, United States |
| Brancacci Chapel | 1386 | Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence, Italy |
| Contarelli Chapel | 1585 | San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, Italy |
| Duke Chapel | 1932 | Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States |
| Eton College Chapel | 1440–c.1460 | Eton College, Eton, Berkshire, England |
| Chapelle expiatoire | 1824 | Paris, France |
| Gallus Chapel | 1330–1340 | Greifensee ZH, Switzerland |
| Heinz Memorial Chapel | 1938 | University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Henry VII Chapel | 1503 | Westminster Abbey, London, England |
| Chapel of the Holy Shroud | 1694 | Turin, Italy |
| King's College Chapel, Cambridge | 1446 | Cambridge University, Cambridge, England |
| Lee Chapel | 1867 | Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, USA |
| Llandaff Oratory | 1925 | Van Reenen, South Africa |
| Magi Chapel | 1459–1461 | Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, Italy |
| Niccoline Chapel | 1447–1449 | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Palatine Chapel | 786 | Aachen Cathedral, Aachen, Germany |
| Palatine Chapel | 1132 | Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
| Pauline Chapel | 1540 | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Pettit Memorial Chapel | 1907 | Belvidere, Illinois, United States |
| Queen's Chapel | 1623 | St James's Palace, London, England |
| Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence | 1951 | Vence, France |
| Rosslyn Chapel | 1440 | Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Rothko Chapel | 1964 | Houston, Texas, United States |
| Chapelle Rouge | 15th century BC | Karnak, Egypt |
| Royal Chapel of Granada | 1517 | Granada, Spain |
| Royal Chapel, Madrid | designed 1748 | Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain |
| Royal Chapel, Sweden | 1754 | Stockholm Palace, Sweden |
| Chapelle royale de Dreux | 1816 | Dreux, Eure-et-Loir, France |
| St. Aloysius Chapel | 1884 | Mangalore, India |
| St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle | 1348 | Windsor Castle, England |
| Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem | 12th century | Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem |
| St. Ivan Rilski Chapel | 2003 | Livingston Island, Antarctica |
| St. Joan of Arc Chapel | 15th century | Relocated to Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States |
| St. Paul's Chapel | 1766 | New York City, United States |
| Chapel of St Peter-on-the-Wall | 654 | Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, England |
| St Salvator's Chapel | 1450 | St Andrews, Scotland |
| Sainte-Chapelle | 1246 | Île de la Cité, Paris, France |
| Sassetti Chapel | 1470 | Santa Trinita, Florence |
| Sistine Chapel | 1473 | Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Slipper Chapel | 1340 | Norfolk, England |
| Chapel of the Snows | 1989 | McMurdo Station, Ross Island, Antarctica |
| Chapelle de la Trinité | 1622 | Lyon, France |
| Chapels of Versailles | 17th–18th centuries | Palace of Versailles, France |
Gallery
Marchienne-au-Pont (Belgium), the chapel-boat
Chapelle Saint-Sixte d'Eygalières, Bouches-du-Rhône, Provence, France
St. Dimitrius Chapel on the beach of Olympiaki Akti, Greece
Methodist Chapel in Kent, Ohio, United States
Confederate Memorial Chapel, Richmond, Virginia, United States
Littlejohn Memorial Chapel, an example of a school chapel at Scotch College, Melbourne
Vassar Chapel Interior, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York
Interior of Heinz Chapel as viewed from the balcony
Forest chapel in Heiligendamm, Bad Doberan, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Processional Chapel in Varennes, Quebec
Turvey Abbey, chapel interior
Open Chapel in Steinfurt, Germany
Eton College Chapel in Eton College, England
Saint Emeric chapel in Zichyújfalu
The Little Chapel in Guernsey.
Avon Old Farms School - the chapel
Chapel in the Armenian Cathedral Deir Ez Zor
Gothic Chapel (15th century) in The Chrobry Square in The Old Town of Police, a town in Pomerania, Poland
Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua.
Chapel in Mirachowo, Kashubia (bd. 1740)
Chapel at Callaway Gardens
Memorial Chapel at Lake Junaluska
The modern presidential chapel (left) of the Palácio da Alvorada, the official residence of the President of Brazil
See also
- Castle chapel
- Chapel (music)
- Church (building)
- Meeting house
- Sacri Monti
- Corpse road
- Railroad chapel car
References
^ "Muslim prayers welcome at Pentagon chapel". Retrieved 3 March 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Chapel". www.newadvent.org.
^ Wakeling, Christopher (August 2016). "Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets". Historic England. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Jones, Anthony (1996). Welsh Chapels. National Museum Wales. ISBN 9780750911627. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Hewson, Chris (1 January 2010). "Multi-faith Spaces: Symptoms and Agents of Religious and Social Change". University of Manchester. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
^ "Royal Army Chaplains' Department". www.army.mod.uk. The British Army. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ "Definition of CHAPEL". www.merriam-webster.com.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Cadge, Wendy (3 January 2018). "As you travel, pause and take a look at airport chapels". The Conversation (website). Retrieved 12 January 2018.
External links
Media related to Chapels at Wikimedia Commons
"Chapel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.
- Russian chapels photo gallery
Media related to Chapels at Wikimedia Commons
"Chapel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.
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