科普特语




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科普特语

ϯⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ / ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
timethremənkhēmi / tməntrəmənkēme
“埃及人民的語言”

母语国家和地区
埃及
語言滅亡
大約於16世纪在日常生活中消失;現在仍然是科普特正教的儀式語言英语Sacred language
語系

亚非语系

  • 埃及语
    • 科普特语



文字
科普特字母
語言代碼
ISO 639-2
cop
ISO 639-3
cop
瀕危程度

联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[1]
灭绝(UNESCO)
UNESCO AWLD EX CHS.png


科普特语Coptic language)是古埃及语言发展的最末阶段,形成于纪元前。纪元伊始,人们开始借鉴希臘文字,创造出科普特字母。公元3世纪,出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献,尤其是基督教经文。迦克墩公會議后,亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经,与罗马天主教分道扬镳,出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用,但后来逐渐被阿拉伯语取代。现在,科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教堂中使用。




目录






  • 1 文字


  • 2 音系


    • 2.1 元音


    • 2.2 輔音




  • 3 文法


  • 4 參見


  • 5 延伸閱讀


    • 5.1 一般研究


    • 5.2 文法


    • 5.3 詞典


    • 5.4 語音


    • 5.5 書目




  • 6 外部連結





文字




科普特字母表



科普特文使用一種基本上完全從希臘字母派生出來的書寫系統,外帶有著世俗體埃及文起源的一些字母。



音系




元音





































單元音音位


前元音

央元音

後元音

閉元音

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半閉元音


eː   e
 


oː   o

中元音
 


ə
 

開元音


a



ɑ


輔音































































































輔音 IPA 表


雙唇音

唇齒音

齒齦音

齦後音

硬腭音

軟腭音

咽音

聲門音

鼻音


m



n






塞音


p  
b



t  
d



c  
ɟ


k  
ɡ



ʔ

塞擦音



(
t͡ʃ  
d͡ʒ)





擦音



f


s  
z


ʃ



x


ʕ   ħ


h

近音


w





j




顫音




r






邊音




l







文法



科普特語有主語-動詞-賓語詞序,但當有正確的前置詞在主語之前時可以是動詞-主語-賓語詞序。數、性、時態和語氣都用來自新埃及語的前綴指示。更早期的埃及語階段通過後綴來完成。一些後綴屈折的痕跡存留於科普特語中,主要用來指示不可轉讓所有關係和用在一些動詞中,比較中古埃及語形式 *satāpafa“he chooses”(在象形文中寫為 stp.f)與科普特語 f.sotp ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅“he chooses”。



參見



  • 科普特百科全書英语The Coptic Encyclopedia

  • 科普特學



延伸閱讀


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一般研究



  • Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.


  • Gessman, A. M. The Birth of the Coptic Script. University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 1976, 2–3. 

  • Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.

  • Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.


  • Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.

  • Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.



文法



  • Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863)

  • Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

  • Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

  • Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.

  • Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

  • Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.

  • Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.

  • Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.

  • Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.

  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.

  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.

  • Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.

  • Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.

  • Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.

  • Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.



詞典



  • Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.


  • Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.


  • Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.

  • Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

  • Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.

  • Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.



語音



  • Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.

  • Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.

  • Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[永久失效連結]. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.



書目


  • Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)




  • Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.


  • Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.



外部連結












  • By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts


  • France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site.

  • Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology


  • ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ: Coptic language internet links and bibliography


  • Coptica.ch Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)


  • New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range

  • Online Coptic tutorial


  • A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi)

  • Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard

  • Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language[永久失效連結]

  • Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library


  • Ifao N Copte – A professional Coptic font for researchers.

  • a set of Coptic fonts


  • GNU FreeFont—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.







  1. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO




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