科普特语
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科普特语 | |
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ϯⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ / ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ timethremənkhēmi / tməntrəmənkēme “埃及人民的語言” | |
母语国家和地区 | 埃及 |
語言滅亡 | 大約於16世纪在日常生活中消失;現在仍然是科普特正教的儀式語言 |
語系 | 亚非语系
|
文字 | 科普特字母 |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-2 | cop |
ISO 639-3 | cop |
瀕危程度 | |
联合国教科文组织认定的濒危语言[1] 灭绝(UNESCO) ![]() |
科普特语(Coptic language)是古埃及语言发展的最末阶段,形成于纪元前。纪元伊始,人们开始借鉴希臘文字,创造出科普特字母。公元3世纪,出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献,尤其是基督教经文。迦克墩公會議后,亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经,与罗马天主教分道扬镳,出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用,但后来逐渐被阿拉伯语取代。现在,科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教堂中使用。
目录
1 文字
2 音系
2.1 元音
2.2 輔音
3 文法
4 參見
5 延伸閱讀
5.1 一般研究
5.2 文法
5.3 詞典
5.4 語音
5.5 書目
6 外部連結
文字

科普特字母表
科普特文使用一種基本上完全從希臘字母派生出來的書寫系統,外帶有著世俗體埃及文起源的一些字母。
音系
元音
前元音 |
央元音 |
後元音 |
|
---|---|---|---|
閉元音 |
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|
uː |
半閉元音 |
eː e |
|
oː o |
中元音 |
|
ə |
|
開元音 |
a |
ɑ |
輔音
雙唇音 |
唇齒音 |
齒齦音 |
齦後音 |
硬腭音 |
軟腭音 |
咽音 |
聲門音 |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 |
m |
n |
||||||
塞音 |
p b |
t d |
c ɟ |
k ɡ |
ʔ |
|||
塞擦音 |
( t͡ʃ d͡ʒ) |
|||||||
擦音 |
f |
s z |
ʃ |
x |
ʕ ħ |
h |
||
近音 |
w |
j |
||||||
顫音 |
r |
|||||||
邊音 |
l |
文法
科普特語有主語-動詞-賓語詞序,但當有正確的前置詞在主語之前時可以是動詞-主語-賓語詞序。數、性、時態和語氣都用來自新埃及語的前綴指示。更早期的埃及語階段通過後綴來完成。一些後綴屈折的痕跡存留於科普特語中,主要用來指示不可轉讓所有關係和用在一些動詞中,比較中古埃及語形式 *satāpafa“he chooses”(在象形文中寫為 stp.f)與科普特語 f.sotp ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅“he chooses”。
參見
- 科普特百科全書
- 科普特學
延伸閱讀
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一般研究
- Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188.
Gessman, A. M. The Birth of the Coptic Script. University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 1976, 2–3.
- Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188.
- Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96.
Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.- Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79.
文法
- Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863)
- Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
- Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press.
- Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1.
- Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth.
- Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House.
- Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2.
- Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7.
- Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter.
- Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters.
- Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church.
詞典
- Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974.
Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7.- Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
- Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
- Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
語音
- Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375.
- Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460.
- Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[永久失效連結]. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt.
書目
- Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969)
Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2.
Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9.
外部連結
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维基孵育场的維基百科語言試驗版: 科普特语試驗版 |
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關於一系列與科普特语有關的詞語,參見維基詞典上科普特语的詞語目錄 |
- By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts
France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site.- Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology
ⲡⲓⲥⲁϧⲟ: Coptic language internet links and bibliography
Coptica.ch Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French)
New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range- Online Coptic tutorial
A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi)- Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard
- Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language[永久失效連結]
- Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library
Ifao N Copte – A professional Coptic font for researchers.- a set of Coptic fonts
GNU FreeFont—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.
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^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
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