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Diamond Head, Hawaii
| Diamond Head | |
|---|---|
 Diamond Head cone seen from Tantalus-Round Top Road | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 762 ft (232 m) [1] |
| Prominence | 596 ft (182 m) [2] |
| Coordinates | 21°15′43″N 157°48′20″W / 21.26194°N 157.80556°W / 21.26194; -157.80556Coordinates: 21°15′43″N 157°48′20″W / 21.26194°N 157.80556°W / 21.26194; -157.80556 |
| Geography | |
  Diamond Head | |
| Location | Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, US |
| Parent range | Hawaiian Islands |
| Topo map | USGS Honolulu |
| Geology | |
| Age of rock | 200,000 years |
| Mountain type | Volcanic cone |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | Trail |
U.S. National Natural Landmark | |
| Designated | 1968 |
Diamond Head is a volcanic tuff cone on the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu and known to Hawaiians as Lēʻahi, most likely from lae 'browridge, promontory' plus ʻahi 'tuna' because the shape of the ridgeline resembles the shape of a tuna's dorsal fin.[3] Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who mistook calcite crystals on the adjacent beach for diamonds.[4]
Contents
1 Geology
2 History
3 Tourism
4 National Natural Landmark
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geology
Diamond Head is part of the system of cones, vents, and their associated eruption flows that are collectively known to geologists as the Honolulu Volcanic Series, eruptions from the Koʻolau Volcano that took place long after the volcano formed and had gone dormant. The Honolulu Volcanic Series is a series of volcanic eruption events that created many of Oʻahu's well-known landmarks, including Punchbowl Crater, Hanauma Bay, Koko Head, and Mānana Island in addition to Diamond Head.
Diamond Head, like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanic Series, is much younger than the main mass of the Koʻolau Mountain Range. While the Koʻolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, Diamond Head is estimated to be about 500,000 to 400,000 years old.[5]
View from the rim showing the Waikīkī neighborhood (left), the cone (right) and the pillbox at the peak (middle)
History
The interior and adjacent exterior areas were the home to Fort Ruger,[6] the first United States military reservation on Hawaii.[7] Only Battery 407, a National Guard emergency operations center, and Birkhimer Tunnel, the Hawaii State Civil Defense Headquarters (HI-EMA), remain in use in the crater.[7] An FAA air traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2001.[8]
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Tourism
Diamond Head is a defining feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikīkī, and also a U.S. National Natural Monument. The volcanic tuff cone is a State Monument. While part of it is closed to the public and serves as a platform for antennas used by the U.S. government, the crater's proximity to Honolulu's resort hotels and beaches makes the rest of it a popular destination.
National Natural Landmark
In 1968, Diamond Head was declared a National Natural Landmark. The crater, also called Diamond Head Lookout was used as a strategic military lookout in the early 1900s.[6] Spanning over 475 acres (190 ha) (including the crater’s interior and outer slopes), it served as an effective defensive lookout because it provides panoramic views of Waikīkī and the south shore of Oahu.[9]
The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a navigational lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the crater's slopes.[6] In addition, a few pillboxes are located on Diamond Head’s summit.[6]
In popular culture
Diamond Head appears on an 80-cent air mail stamp issued in 1952 to pay for shipping orchids to the mainland of the U.S.[10]
A 1975 televised game show, The Diamond Head Game was set at Diamond Head.[11]
The Crater was the location of several concerts in the 1960s and 1970s.[12] First held on New Year's Day, 1969, and often known as Hawaiian Woodstock, Diamond Head Crater Festivals, sometimes called Sunshine Festivals, were all-day music celebrations held in the '60's & '70's attracting over 75,000 in attendance for performances of the Grateful Dead, The Rolling Stones (3 times), Carlos Santana, America, Styx, Journey, War, and Tower of Power, alongside Hawaii talent like Cecilio & Kapono and the Mackey Feary Band.[12][13][14][15] These one day festivals became two day events in 1976 and 1977, but were cancelled by the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources because of community noise and environmental impact concerns.[14] Many items from the bands were brought into and out of the Crater by helicopter.[14]
- Various views of Diamond Head
Diamond Head cone seen from the coast off Waikīkī
View from Rocky Hill, which resides over Punahou School
Diamond Head peak from Kapiolani Park
Diamond Head seen from Waikīkī in the 1800s
Waikiki Beach facing Diamond Head, 1958
Aerial view of the cone, and the Kahala and Kaimuki neighborhoods
Aerial view of the Diamond Head
See also
- Diamond Head Lighthouse
- Diamond Head Theatre
- Kapiolani Community College
References
^ USGS Topo map at http://ims.er.usgs.gov/gda_services/download?item_id=5643694&quad=Honolulu&state=HI&grid=7.5X7.5&series=Map%20GeoPDF
^ http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11878
^ Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert, Esther K. Mookini, eds. (1964). Place Names of Hawaii, revised and expanded edition. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 0-8248-0524-0.
^ John R. K. Clark (2002). Hawai'i Place Names: Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites. University of Hawaii Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8248-2451-8.
^ "A geologic tour of the Hawaiian Islands: Oʻahu". HVO Volcano Watch. USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
^ abcd "American Seacoast Defenses Forts, Military Reservations and Batteries 1794-1945: Oahu 1922" (PDF). Coast Defense Study Group (cdsg.org). Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ ab Fawcett, Denby (August 3, 2014). "Tunnel Vision". Star-Advertiser. Honolulu. Archived from the original on August 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
^ FAA presence inside Diamond Head vanishes, Suzanne Roig, Honolulu Advertiser, September 28, 2001.
^ "Diamond Head Lookout". Pearl Harbor Website. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
^ US Airmail Stamps 1941-1961
^ "The Diamond Head Game" (1975)
^ ab "Diamond Head State Monument Honolulu Concert Setlists". setlist.fm. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
^ Borreca, Richard (November 1, 1999). "Rebellion & Renaissance, Groovin' in the crater with music and mindbenders: In the '60s and '70s, music moves Hawaii's youth to come together and to speak out". Star-Bulletin. Honolulu. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
^ abc Dekneef, Matthew (April 20, 2016). "Memories of the Diamond Head Crater Festivals, Hawaii's own 'Woodstock'". Hawai'i Magazine. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
^ "Do You Remember... Crater Festivals". Midlife Crisis Hawaii. March 22, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diamond Head. |
Official website Hawaii State Parks - Diamond Head State Monument
Geographic data related to Diamond Head, Hawaii at OpenStreetMap
- Satellite image of Diamond Head (Google Maps)
Geographic data related to Diamond Head, Hawaii at OpenStreetMap
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