Gauss (unit)




The gauss, abbreviated as G or Gs, is the cgs unit of measurement of magnetic flux density (or "magnetic induction") (B). It is named after German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.[1][2] One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The cgs system has been superseded by the International System of Units (SI), which uses the tesla (symbol T) as the unit of magnetic flux density.[3] One gauss equals 1×10−4 tesla (100 μT), so 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss.




Contents






  • 1 Unit name and convention


  • 2 Unit conversions


  • 3 Typical values


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References





Unit name and convention


As with all units whose names are derived from a person's name, the first letter of its symbol is uppercase ("G"), but when the unit is spelled out, it should be written in lowercase ("gauss"), unless it begins a sentence.[4]



Unit conversions




1G=Mxcm2=cm−1/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1=10−4T=10−4kgA⋅s2{displaystyle {begin{aligned}1,{rm {G}}&={frac {rm {Mx}}{{rm {cm}}^{2}}}={rm {cm}}^{-1/2}{cdot }{rm {g}}^{1/2}{cdot }{rm {s}}^{-1}\&=10^{-4},{rm {T}}=10^{-4}{frac {rm {kg}}{{rm {A}}{cdot }{rm {s^{2}}}}}end{aligned}}}

{displaystyle {begin{aligned}1,{rm {G}}&={frac {rm {Mx}}{{rm {cm}}^{2}}}={rm {cm}}^{-1/2}{cdot }{rm {g}}^{1/2}{cdot }{rm {s}}^{-1}\&=10^{-4},{rm {T}}=10^{-4}{frac {rm {kg}}{{rm {A}}{cdot }{rm {s^{2}}}}}end{aligned}}}

According to the system of Gaussian units (cgs), the gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B and the equivalent of Mx/cm2, while the oersted is the unit of magnetizing field H. One tesla (T) is equal to 104 gauss, and one ampere (A) per meter is equal to 4π × 10−3 oersted.[5]


The units for magnetic flux Φ, which is the integral of magnetic field over an area, are the weber (Wb) in the SI and the maxwell (Mx) in the cgs system. The conversion factor is 108, since flux is the integral of field over an area, area having the units of the square of distance, thus 104 (magnetic field conversion factor) times the square of 102 (linear distance conversion factor, i.e., centimetres per meter). 108 = 104 × (102)2.



Typical values


Main article: Orders of magnitude (magnetic field)



  • 10−9–10−8 gauss – the magnetic field of the human brain


  • 10−6–10−3 gauss – the magnetic field of Galactic molecular clouds


  • 0.25–0.60 gauss – the Earth's magnetic field at its surface


  • 25 gauss – the Earth's magnetic field in its core[6]


  • 50 gauss – a typical refrigerator magnet


  • 100 gauss – an iron magnet


  • 1500 gauss - within a sun spot [7]


  • 10000 to 13000 gauss – remanence of a neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnet[8]


  • 16000 to 22000 gauss - saturation of high permeability iron alloys used in transformers[9]


  • 3000–70,000 gauss – a medical magnetic resonance imaging machine


  • 1012–1013 gauss – the surface of a neutron star[10]


  • 4×1013 gauss – the quantum electrodynamic threshold


  • 1014 gauss – the magnetic field of SGR J1745-2900, orbiting the supermassive black hole Sgr A* in the center of the Milky Way.


  • 1015 gauss – the magnetic field of some newly created magnetars[11]


  • 1017 gauss – the upper limit to neutron star magnetism[11]



See also



  • Centimetre–gram–second system of units

  • Gaussian units

  • Carl Friedrich Gauss

  • Magnetic field



References





  1. ^ "Carl Friedrich Gauss | German mathematician". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-27..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ W., Weisstein, Eric. "Gauss, Karl Friedrich (1777-1855) – from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography". scienceworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2018-03-27.


  3. ^ NIST Special Publication 1038, Section 4.3.1


  4. ^ Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). "The International System of Units (SI)" (PDF). 8th ed. Retrieved 2009-05-20.


  5. ^ Hayt, Jr., William H. (1974). Engineering Electromagnetics, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill.
    ISBN 0-07-027390-1


  6. ^ Bruce A. Buffett (2010): "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth’s internal magnetic field". Nature, volume 468, pages 952–954. doi:10.1038/nature09643


  7. ^ Hoadley, Rick. "How strong are magnets?". www.coolmagnetman.com. Retrieved 2017-01-26.


  8. ^ Juha Pyrhönen; Tapani Jokinen; Valéria Hrabovcová (2009). Design of Rotating Electrical Machines. John Wiley and Sons. p. 232. ISBN 0-470-69516-1.


  9. ^ Laughton, M. A.; Warne, D. F., eds. (2003). "8". Electrical Engineer's Reference Book (Sixteenth ed.). Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-4637-3.


  10. ^ "How strong are magnets?". Experiments with magnets and our surroundings. Magcraft. Retrieved 2007-12-14.


  11. ^ ab
    "Magnetars, Soft Gamma Repeaters and Very Strong Magnetic Fields". Robert C. Duncan, University of Texas at Austin. March 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2007-05-23.








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