Dothraki language





































Dothraki
Lekh Dothraki
Pronunciation [ˈd̪ɤ.θɾa.ki]
Created by
George R. R. Martin, David J. Peterson
Date From 2009
Setting and usage
A Song of Ice and Fire, 2011 series Game of Thrones
Purpose

Constructed languages

  • Artistic languages

    • Fictional languages
      • Dothraki
Language codes
ISO 639-3
None (mis)
Glottolog None

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.





The Dothraki language is a constructed fictional language in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. It is spoken by the Dothraki, a nomadic people in the series's fictional world. The language was developed for the TV series by the linguist David J. Peterson,[1] working off the Dothraki words and phrases in Martin's novels.


As of September 2011[update], the language comprised 3163 words,[2] not all of which have been made public. In 2012, 146 newborn girls in the United States were named "Khaleesi", the Dothraki term for the wife of a khal or ruler, and the title adopted in the series by Daenerys Targaryen.[3] Dothraki and Valyrian have been described as "the most convincing fictional tongues since Elvish".[4]




Contents






  • 1 Development


    • 1.1 Language constraints




  • 2 Phonology and romanization


    • 2.1 Consonants


    • 2.2 Vowels




  • 3 Grammar


    • 3.1 Parts of speech


    • 3.2 Word order




  • 4 Sample


  • 5 Notes


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links





Development





David J. Peterson, creator of the Dothraki spoken language for Game of Thrones


The Dothraki vocabulary was created by David J. Peterson well in advance of the adaptation. HBO hired the Language Creation Society to create the language, and after an application process involving over 30 conlangers, Peterson was chosen to develop the Dothraki language. He delivered over 1700 words to HBO before the initial shooting. Peterson drew inspiration from George R. R. Martin’s description of the language, as well as from such languages as Estonian, Inuktitut, Turkish, Russian, and Swahili.[5]


David J. Peterson and his development of the Dothraki language were featured on an April 8, 2012 episode of CNN's The Next List.[6] He went on to create the Valyrian languages for season 3 of Game of Thrones. Peterson and his development of Dothraki were also featured on the January 8, 2017 episode of To Tell the Truth.



Language constraints


The Dothraki language was developed under two significant constraints. First, the language had to match the uses already put down in the books. Secondly, it had to be easily pronounceable or learnable by the actors. These two constraints influenced the grammar and phonology of the language: for instance, as in English, there is no contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops.



Phonology and romanization


See also: Help: IPA for Dothraki

David Peterson has said, "You know, most people probably don't really know what Arabic actually sounds like, so to an untrained ear, it might sound like Arabic. To someone who knows Arabic, it doesn't. I tend to think of the sound as a mix between Arabic (minus the distinctive pharyngeals) and Spanish, due to the dental consonants."[7]


Regarding the orthography, the Dothraki themselves do not have a writing system—nor do many of the surrounding peoples (e.g., the Lhazareen). If there were to be any written examples of Dothraki in the A Song of Ice and Fire universe, it would be in a writing system developed in the Free Cities and adapted to Dothraki, or in some place like Ghis or Qarth, which do have writing systems.[8]



Consonants


There are 23 consonant phonemes in the Dothraki language. Here the romanized form is given on the left, and the IPA in brackets.
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Velar
Uvular
Glottal

Plosive
voiceless
t [t̪]

k [k]
 q [q]

voiced
d [d̪]

g [ɡ]


Affricate
voiceless


ch [tʃ]



voiced


j [dʒ]



Fricative
voiceless
 f [f]
 th [θ]
 s [s]
 sh [ʃ]
 kh [x]
h [h]

voiced
 v [v]
z [z]
 zh [ʒ]



Nasal
 m [m]
 n [n̪]





Trill

r [r]




Tap

r [ɾ]




Approximant
central


y [j]
 w [w]


lateral
l [l̪]





The letters c and x never appear in Dothraki, although c appears in the digraph ch.


b and p seem to appear only in names, as in Bharbo and Pono. These consonants were used in the past but have since developed into [f] and [v]. They can still be used as variants of [f] and [v].


Voiceless stops may be aspirated. This does not change word meaning.


The geminates of consonants marked with digraphs have a reduced orthography:




  • kkh is pronounced /xː/ (not /kx/)


  • tth is pronounced /θː/ (not /tθ/)


  • ssh is pronounced /ʃː/ (not /sʃ/)


  • zzh is pronounced /ʒː/ (not /zʒ/)


  • cch is pronounced /t͡ʃː/ (not /tt͡ʃ/)[9][10]



Vowels


Dothraki has a four vowel system shown below:








Vowels

i /i/

e /e/

o /o/

a /a/

There are no diphthongs.[11][12]


In the A Song of Ice and Fire books, u never occurs as a vowel, appearing only after q, and only in names, as in Jhiqui and Quaro.


In sequence of multiple vowels, each such vowel represents a separate syllable. Examples: shierak [ʃi.e.ˈɾak] - star, rhaesh [ɾha.ˈeʃ] - country, khaleesi [ˈxa.l̪e.e.si] - queen.


The vowels /i, e, o, a/ turn into [e, ɛ, ɔ, ɑ] after /q/. /o/ turns into [ɤ] after dental consonants.[13][14] /o/ can be pronounced as [u] after [g], [k] and [x].[13]



Grammar



Parts of speech


Though prepositions are also sometimes employed, the language is foremost inflectional. Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes are all used. Verbs conjugate in infinitive, past, present, future, two imperatives and (archaic) participle; they also agree with person, number and polarity. Nouns divide into two classes, inanimate and animate. They decline in five cases, nominative, accusative, genitive, allative and ablative. Animate nouns also decline according to number.[15][16]



Word order


The basic word order is SVO (subject–verb–object). In a basic sentence, the order of these elements (when all three are present) is as in English: first comes the subject (S), followed by the verb (V), and then the object (O).



Khal ahhas arakh. The Khal (S) sharpened (V) the arakh (O).

When only a subject is present, the subject precedes the verb, as it does in English:



Arakh hasa.

The arakh (S) is sharp (V).


In noun phrases there is a specific order as well. The order is as follows: demonstrative, noun, adverb, adjective, genitive noun, prepositional phrase. Prepositions always precede their noun complements.[note 1] but adjectives, possessor and prepositional phrases all follow the noun:[17][18]



jin ave sekke verven anni m'orvikoon

this father very violent of.mine with.a.whip

this very violent father of mine with a whip


Adverbs normally are sentence final, but they can also immediately follow the verb. Modal particles precede the verb.[15]


In the episode "Andy's Ancestry" from the United States television show The Office, Dwight Schrute created the Dothraki phrase "throat rip" by placing "throat" in front to make it the accusative.[19]Peterson adapted that language technique and called it the "Schrutean compound".[19][20]



Sample



Nevakhi vekha ha maan: Rekke, m'aresakea norethi fitte.

[ˈn̪evaxi ˈvexa ha maˈan̪ ˈrekːe ˈmaɾesakea ˈn̪oɾeθi ˈfit̪ːe]

seat.GEN exist.3SG.PRES for 3SG.ALL there.ACC with.coward.ALL.PL hair.GEN short


There is a place for him: There, with the short-haired cowards.[21]



Notes





  1. ^ Examples of demonstratives include:


    • rakh haj strong boy (rakh boy, haj strong)


    • alegra ivezh wild duck (alegra duck, ivezh wild)


    • jin arakh this arakh (jin this, arakh arakh (type of blade))


    • rek hrakkares that lion (rek that, hrakkares lion)[17]






References





  1. ^ "Do you speak Dothraki?". The New York Times Upfront. January 30, 2012..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "The Header Script". Dothraki.com. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-03.


  3. ^ Wattenberg, Laura (22 May 2013). "The Ultimate 'Game of Thrones' Baby Name". Huffington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2013.


  4. ^ "The complex linguistic universe of "Game of Thrones"". The Economist. Retrieved 4 August 2017.


  5. ^ "Official HBO Press Release". Dothraki.conlang.org. April 12, 2010.


  6. ^ "'Game of Thrones' linguist: How to create a language from scratch". CNN What's Next. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  7. ^ "Creating Dothraki - An Interview with David J Peterson and Sai Emrys". Tor.com. April 22, 2010.


  8. ^ "Westeros.Ru interview". Westeros.ru. June 24, 2010.


  9. ^ "» Long (or Doubled) Consonants Dothraki". Dothraki.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  10. ^ "Phonology - Dothraki". Wiki.dothraki.org. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  11. ^ "Phonology - Dothraki". Wiki.dothraki.org. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  12. ^ "» Accents in Dothraki Dothraki". Dothraki.com. 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  13. ^ ab "» Qute Noises Dothraki". Dothraki.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  14. ^ "The Art of Language Invention, Episode 7: Romanization Systems". YouTube. 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2017-07-23.


  15. ^ ab "Dothraki 101 post on HBO's Making Game of Throne's blog". Makinggameofthrones.com. December 15, 2010.


  16. ^ "Dothraki presentation at Language Creation Conference 4" (PDF). Conference.conlang.org. August 22, 2011.


  17. ^ ab "Demonstratives". Dothraki.com. Retrieved 2013-06-16.


  18. ^ "Adjectives". Dothraki.org. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-16.


  19. ^ ab Rahman, Ray (31 May – 7 June 2013). "My Weird TV Job: The Guy Who Makes Up Languages for Game of Thrones and Defiance". Entertainment Weekly (#1261/1262). Archived from the original on 2015-04-08.


  20. ^ "Dothraki on The Office". Dothraki.com. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2017-01-09.


  21. ^ "Dothraki Presentation at WorldCon 2011" (PDF). Dedalvs.com. August 21, 2011. Retrieved 2017-07-23.




External links




  • The official Dothraki blog at dotrhaki.com


  • The Dothraki Language Wiki at wiki.dothraki.org


  • The LCS blog about the language at dothraki.conlang.org









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