Choro




For the mountain in Bolivia, see Churu (Bolivia).















Choro
Stylistic origins

  • Polka

  • mazurka

  • schottische

  • waltz

  • habanera

  • lundu

  • batuque
Cultural origins Late 19th century, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil




Pixinguinha (1897–1973) is one of the most important choro composers of all time.





Joaquim Callado (1848-1880) is considered one of the creators of the choro genre of music.


Choro (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʃoɾu], "cry" or "lament"), also popularly called chorinho ("little cry" or "little lament"), is an instrumental Brazilian popular music genre which originated in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Despite its name, the music often has a fast and happy rhythm. It is characterized by virtuosity, improvisation and subtle modulations, and is full of syncopation and counterpoint. Choro is considered the first characteristically Brazilian genre of urban popular music. The serenaders who play choros are known as chorões.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Choro instruments


  • 2 Compositional structure


  • 3 Audio examples


  • 4 History


  • 5 Notable Brazilian choro musicians


  • 6 Notable choro compositions


  • 7 See also


  • 8 Suggested reading


  • 9 Films


  • 10 External links


  • 11 Notes





Choro instruments




Instruments commonly played in choro


Originally choro was played by a trio of flute, guitar and cavaquinho (a small chordophone with four strings). Other instruments commonly played in choro are the mandolin, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. These melody instruments are backed by a rhythm section composed of 6-string guitar, 7-string guitar (playing bass lines) and light percussion, such as a pandeiro. The cavaquinho appears sometimes as a melody instrument, other times as part of the rhythm.



Compositional structure


Structurally, a choro composition usually has three parts, played in a rondo form: AABBACCA, with each section typically in a different key (usually the tonal sequence is: principal key->relative mode->sub-dominant key[2]). There are a variety of choros in both major and minor keys.



Audio examples





































































































History





Chiquinha Gonzaga (1847-1935)





Viriato Figueira (1851-1883)





Ernesto Nazareth (1863-1934)


In the 19th century, choro resulted from the style of playing several musical genres (polka, schottische, waltz, mazurka and habanera) by carioca musicians, who were already strongly influenced by African rhythms, principally the lundu and the batuque. The term “choro” was used informally at first to refer to the style of playing, or a particular instrumental ensemble, (e.g. in the 1870s flutist Joaquim Antônio da Silva Callado formed an ensemble called "Choro Carioca", with flute, two guitars and cavaquinho),[3][4] and later the term referred to the music genre of these ensembles. The accompanying music of the Maxixe (dance) (also called "tango brasileiro") was played by these choro ensembles. Various genres were incorporated as subgenres of choro such as "choro-polca", "choro-lundu", "choro-xote" (from schottische), "choro-mazurca", "choro-valsa" (waltz), "choro-maxixe", "samba-choro", "choro baião".[5]


Just like ragtime in the United States, tango in Argentina and habanera in Cuba, choro springs up as a result of influences of musical styles and rhythms coming from Europe and Africa.


In the beginning (by the 1880s to 1920s), the success of choro came from informal groups of friends (principally workers of postal/telegraphic service and railway[6]) which played in parties, pubs (botecos), streets, home balls (forrobodós), and also the big hits of Ernesto Nazareth, Chiquinha Gonzaga and other pianists, whose musical scores were published by print houses.[4] By the 1910s, many of the first Brazilian phonograph records are choros.


Much of the mainstream success (by the 1930s to 1940s) of this style of music came from the early days of radio, when bands performed live on the air. By the 1950s and 1960s it was replaced by urban samba in radio, but was still alive in amateur circles called "rodas de choro" (choro gatherings in residences and botecos), the one most famous was the "roda de choro" in the house of Jacob do Bandolim, in Jacarepaguá, and the "roda de choro" in the pub "suvaco de cobra" in the Penha.


In the late 1970s there was a successful effort to revitalize the genre in the mainstream, through TV-sponsored nationwide festivals in 1977 and 1978, which attracted a new, younger generation of professional musicians. Thanks in great part to these efforts, choro music remains strong in Brazil. More recently, choro has attracted the attention of musicians in the United States, such as Mike Marshall and Maurita Murphy Mead, who have brought this kind of music to a new audience.


Most Brazilian classical composers recognize the sophistication of choro and its major importance in Brazilian instrumental music. Radamés Gnattali said it was the most sophisticated instrumental popular music in the world. Heitor Villa-Lobos defined choro as the true incarnation of Brazilian soul.
Notably, both composers had some of their music inspired by choro, bringing it to the classical tradition.[7] The French composer Darius Milhaud was enchanted by choro when he lived in Brazil (in 1917) and he composed the ballet Le Boeuf sur le toit, in which he quotes close to 30 Brazilian tunes.[8]


According to Aquiles Rique Reis (a Brazilian singer), ”Choro is classical music played with bare feet and callus on the hands”[9]



Notable Brazilian choro musicians







  • Abel Ferreira

  • Alessandro Penezzi

  • Alexandre Ribeira

  • Alencar Sete Cordas

  • Almir Cortes

  • Altamiro Carrilho

  • Armando Neves (Armandinho)

  • Arnaldinho do Cavaco

  • Benedito Lacerda

  • Carlinhos 7 cordas

  • Carlinhos Moura

  • Chiquinha Gonzaga

  • Chôro das 3

  • Danilo Brito

  • Dilermando Reis

  • Dino 7 Cordas

  • Ernesto Nazareth

  • Fernando César

  • Garoto

  • Hamilton de Holanda

  • Henrique Cazes

  • Irineu de Almeida

  • Israel Bueno de Almeida

  • Izaias Bueno de Almeida

  • Jacob do Bandolim


  • João Pernambuco pt:João Pernambuco

  • Luciana Rabello

  • Luiz Otavio Braga

  • Luizinho 7 Cordas

  • Luperce Miranda


  • Manoel Jacintho Coelho pt:Manoel Jacintho Coelho

  • Marcelo Gonçalves

  • Maurício Carrilho

  • Milton Móri

  • Nailor 'Proveta' Azevedo

  • Oscar Castro Neves

  • Paulo Bellinati

  • Paulo Moura

  • Paulo Sérgio dos Santos

  • Pixinguinha

  • Raphael Rabello

  • Rogério Souza

  • Ronaldo do Bandolim

  • Silvério Pontes

  • Waldir Azevedo

  • Wilfried Berk

  • Yamandu Costa

  • Zé Barbeiro

  • Zé da Velha

  • Zé Paulo Becker



Notable choro compositions



  • "Brejeiro" (Ernesto Nazareth)

  • "Apanhei-te Cavaquinho" (Ernesto Nazareth)

  • "Odeon" (Ernesto Nazareth)

  • "Carinhoso" (Pixinguinha)

  • "Lamentos" (Pixinguinha)

  • "Segura Ele" (Pixinguinha)

  • "Um a zero" (Pixinguinha)

  • "Vou Vivendo" (Pixinguinha)

  • "Brasileirinho" (Waldir Azevedo)

  • "Pedacinhos do Céu" (Waldir Azevedo)

  • "Dôce de Coco" (Jacob do Bandolim)

  • "Noites Cariocas" (Jacob do Bandolim)

  • "Tico-Tico no Fubá" (Zequinha de Abreu)

  • "Meu caro amigo" (Chico Buarque e Francis Hime)

  • "Meu amigo Radamés" (Antonio Carlos Jobim)

  • "Choros nos. 1 to 14" (Heitor Villa-Lobos)

  • "Choro no. 2" (Armando Neves)



See also



  • Lundu

  • Frevo

  • Maxixe

  • Samba

  • Jongo



Suggested reading



  • Livingston-Isenhour, T., and Garcia, T. G. C. (2005). Choro: A Social History of a Brazilian Popular Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

  • Koidin, Julie (2011). Os Sorrisos do Choro: Uma Jornada Musical Através de Caminhos Cruzados. São Paulo: Global Choro Music.[2]

  • Koidin, Julie (2013). "Choro Conversations: Pursuing Life, Love and Brazil's Musical Identity," - Fremont, California: Global Choro Music.[3]

  • AMARAL JÚNIOR, José de Almeida (2013). "Chorando na Garoa - Memórias Musicais de São Paulo". São Paulo: Fundação Theatro Municipal de São Paulo.



Films



  • 2005 - Brasileirinho: Grandes Encontros do Choro. Directed by Mika Kaurismäki.

  • 2016 - "Mexicano: Carlito y La Choro Fábrica". Directed by Cristina Gonzalez.



External links



  • Choro de Rua, Italy

  • Regional de NY

  • Chorolê - The Israeli Choro Ensemble

  • Abdallah Harati, Brazilian 7 string guitar player

  • Agenda do Samba & Choro

  • Maria-Brazil - Brazilian Culture on the Web

  • ChoroMusic.com Play Along Brazilian Choro

  • Pe de Cana, choro trio band from Vancouver-Canada

  • Choro das 3, three young sisters' group

  • Brazil Essence - Majorca, Spain

  • Casa de Choro - Toulouse, France

  • Clube do Choro de Torino

  • Dois no Choro, Julie Koidin flute and Paulinho Garcia guitar and vocals

  • Chorinho e.V.

  • North American workshops in ensemble choro playing



Notes





  1. ^ Béhague, Gerard. "Choro". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 22 September 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
    (subscription required)


  2. ^ HighBeam


  3. ^ What is Choro? Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine


  4. ^ ab Livingston-Isenhour, T., and Garcia, T. G. C. (2005). Choro: A Social History of a Brazilian Popular Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.


  5. ^ http://www.choromusic.com/arquivos/choro_english.pdf pag 4


  6. ^ Alexandre Gonçalves Pinto (1936). O choro - Reminiscências dos chorões antigos.[1]


  7. ^ http://www.brazzil.com/musfeb96.htm


  8. ^ http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Le_Boeuf/boeuf_chronicles.htm


  9. ^ http://www.brazilianvoice.com/mostracolunas.php?colunista=Aquiles%20Reis&id=772









Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Lambak Kiri

Image
For Lambak Kiri public housing area, see Lambak Kiri Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. Village in Brunei-Muara, Brunei Lambak Kiri Village Location in Brunei Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Country Brunei District Brunei-Muara Mukim Berakas A Government  • Village head Hamdani Omar Postcode BB1214 Lambak Kiri is a populated place in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is officially a village subdivision under Berakas A, a mukim in the district. Lambak Kiri may also refer to the greater area which includes the Lambak Kiri public housing area of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (Malay: Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati ), although the latter is a separate subdivision. Contents 1 Name 2 Administration 3 See also 4 References Name ...
Read more

章鱼与海女图

Image
本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして...
Read more