Mixing
Carnelian
| Carnelian | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General | |
| Category | Chalcedony variety |
Formula .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (repeating unit) | Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Identification | |
| Formula mass | 60 g/mol |
| Color | Brownish-red |
| Cleavage | Absent |
| Fracture | Uneven, splintery, conchoidal |
Mohs scale hardness | 6 - 7 |
| Luster | Vitreous, dull, greasy, silky |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent |
| Specific gravity | 2.59 - 2.61 |
| References | [1] |
Carnelian (also spelled cornelian[2]) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semi-precious gemstone. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker (the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably). Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. It is most commonly found in Brazil, India, Siberia, and Germany.
Contents
1 History
2 Etymology
3 Distinction between carnelian and sard
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History
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The red variety of chalcedony is known as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the Varna Chalolithic necropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BC).[3] The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh between 4th-5th millennium BC.[4]
Carnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts;[5] this use dates to approximately 1800 BC. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Hot wax does not stick to carnelian.[6] Sard was used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems.[7] The Hebrew odem (also translated sardius), the first stone in the High Priest's breastplate, was a red stone, probably sard but perhaps red jasper.[7] In Revelation 4:3, the One seated on the heavenly throne seen in the vision of John the apostle is said to "look like jasper and 'σαρδίῳ' (sardius transliterated)". And likewise it is in Revelation 21:20 as one of the precious stones in the foundations of the wall of the heavenly city.[8]
Necklace with gold beads and carnelian beads, Cypriot artwork with Mycenaean inspiration, ca. 1400–1200 BC. From Enkomi. British Museum
Etymology
This Egyptian necklace consists of biconical carnelian beads, beads of rolled strips of sheet gold, and ten amulets.[9] The Walters Art Museum.
Although now the more common term, "carnelian" is a 16th-century corruption of the 14th-century word "cornelian" (and its associated orthographies corneline and cornalyn).[10] Cornelian, cognate with similar words in several Romance languages, comes from the Mediaeval Latin corneolus, itself derived from the Latin word cornum, the cornel cherry,[11] whose translucent red fruits resemble the stone. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a perversion of "cornelian", by subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, flesh. According to Pliny the Elder, sard derived its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia from which it came, and according to others, may ultimately be related to the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish red.[7]
Distinction between carnelian and sard
The names carnelian and sard are often used interchangeably, but they can also be used to describe distinct subvarieties. The general differences are as follows:[7]
| | Carnelian | Sard |
|---|---|---|
| Color | Lighter, with shades ranging from orange to reddish brown | Darker, with shades ranging from a deep reddish brown to almost black |
| Hardness | Softer | Harder and tougher |
| Fracture | Uneven, splintery and conchoidal | Like carnelian, but duller and more hackly (having the appearance of something that has been hacked, i.e. jagged) |
All of these properties vary across a continuum, so the boundary between carnelian and sard is inherently blurry.
See also
- Carnelian (color)
- List of minerals
References
^ Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl: Minerals of the World (Arch Css, 1990)
^ Websters New World College Dictionary. Fourth Edition. 2001. Editor in chief Michael Agnes.
^ Kostov & Pelevina (2008).
^ Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Routledge. 22. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
^ C. Michael Hogan, Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007)
^ Section 12 of the translation of Weilue - a 3rd-century Chinese text by John Hill under "carnelian" and note 12.12 (17)
^ abcd
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Revelation 4:3
^ "Egyptian - Necklace". The Walters Art Museum.
^ "'Cornelian'". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
Further reading
- Allchin, B. 1979. The agate and carnelian industry of Western India and Pakistan. – In: South Asian Archaeology 1975. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 91-105.
- Beck, H. C. 1933. Etched carnelian beads. – The Antiquaries Journal, 13, 4, 384-398.
- Bellina, B. 2003. Beads, social change and interaction between India and South-east Asia. – Antiquity, 77, 296, 285-297.
- Brunet, O. 2009. Bronze and Iron Age carnelian bead production in the UAE and Armenia: new perspectives. – Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 39, 57-68.
- Carter, A. K., L. Dussubieux. 2016. Geologic provenience analysis of agate and carnelian beads using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A case study from Iron Age Cambodia and Thailand. – J. Archeol. Sci.: Reports, 6, 321-331.
- Cornaline de l'Inde. Des pratiques techniques de Cambay aux techno-systèmes de l'Indus (Ed. J.-C. Roux). 2000. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 558 p.
- Glover, I. 2001. Cornaline de l'Inde. Des pratiques techniques de Cambay aux techno-systèmes de l'Indus (sous la direction de V. Roux). – Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, 88, 376-381.
- Inizan, M.-L. 1999. La cornaline de l’Indus à la Mésopotamie, production et circulation: la voie du Golfe au IIIe millénaire. – In: Cornaline et pierres précieuses. De Sumer à l’Islam (Ed. by F. Tallon), Musée du Louvre, Paris, 127-140.
- Insoll, T., D. A. Polya, K. Bhan, D. Irving, K. Jarvis. 2004. Towards an understanding of the carnelian bead trade from Western India to sub-Saharan Africa: the application of UV-LA-ICP-MS to carnelian from Gujarat, India, and West Africa. – J. Archaeol. Sci., 31, 8, 1161-1173.
Kostov, R. I.; Pelevina, O. (2008). "Complex faceted and other carnelian beads from the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis: archaeogemmological analysis". Proceedings of the International Conference “Geology and Archaeomineralogy”. Sofia, 29-30 October 2008. Sofia: Publishing House “St. Ivan Rilski”: 67–72.
- Mackay, E. 1933. Decorated carnelian beads. – Man, 33, Sept., 143-146.
- Theunissen, R. 2007. The agate and carnelian ornaments. – In: The Excavations of Noen U-Loke and Non Muang Kao (Eds. C. Higham, A. Kijngam, S. Talbot). The Thai Fine Arts Department, Bangkok, 359-377.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnelian. |
- Mindat article on carnelian
- Mindat article on sard
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