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Robinson R44
| R44 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Role | Light utility and trainer helicopter |
| Manufacturer | Robinson Helicopter Company |
| Designer | Frank D. Robinson |
| First flight | 31 March 1990 |
| Introduction | 1993 |
| Status | In production |
| Produced | 1990-present |
Number built | 5,805+ (through 2016) |
Developed from | Robinson R22 |
Developed into | Robinson R66 |
The Robinson R44 is a four-seat light helicopter produced by Robinson Helicopter Company since 1992. Based on the company's two-seat Robinson R22, the R44 features hydraulically assisted flight controls. It was first flown on 31 March 1990 and received FAA certification in December 1992, with the first delivery in February 1993.
The R44 has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) helicopter every year since 1999. It is the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, with 5,805 deliveries from 2000–2017.[1][2]
Contents
1 Design and development
2 Operators
2.1 Civilian operators
2.2 Military and Government operators
3 Accidents and incidents
4 Specifications (R44 Raven II)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Design and development
The R44 is a single-engined helicopter with a semi-rigid two-bladed main rotor, a two-bladed tail rotor and a skid landing gear. It has an enclosed cabin with two rows of side-by-side seating for a pilot and three passengers. Tail rotor direction of rotation on the R44 is reversed compared to the R22 for improved yaw control authority. On the R44 the advancing blade is on the bottom.
Designed during the 1980s by Frank Robinson and his staff of engineers, the R44 first flew on 31 March 1990. The R44 Astro was awarded an FAA Type Certificate in December 1992, with the first deliveries taking place in January 1993. The first R44 Newscopter featuring onboard electronic news gathering equipment was delivered in 1998.[3] In January 2000, Robinson introduced the Raven with hydraulically assisted controls[4] and adjustable pedals. In July 2002, Robinson introduced the Raven II featuring a more powerful, fuel-injected engine and wider blades, allowing a higher gross weight and improved altitude performance.
During November 2015 Robinson announced the Cadet, a Raven I with a cargo area instead of the two back seats, a slightly less powerful engine and a more efficient muffler.[5]
Operators
Civilian operators
The aircraft is operated by many private individuals, companies and flying clubs.
In 1997, a Robinson R44 was piloted by Jennifer Murray for the first helicopter circumnavigation of the world by a woman, covering a distance of 36,000 miles in 97 days.[6][7] As of 2014[update], an R44 holds the piston speed record of 227 km/h.[8]
Military and Government operators
An R44 in a hover
Bolivia
Bolivian Air Force[9]:7
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic Army[9]:9
Estonia
Estonian Air Force[9]:9
Jordan
Royal Jordanian Air Force[9]:11
Lebanon
Lebanese Air Force[9]:11[10]
An R44 from the Czech Republic
Mexico
Mexican Navy[9]:12
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Air Force[9]:13
Peru
Peruvian Army[9]:13
Philippines
Philippine National Police[11]
Russia
Forest Protection Service [12]
South Africa
South African Police Service Air Wing[13]
An R44 in flight over Russia
Thailand
Royal Thai Army[9]:16
United States
Alaska State Troopers[14]
Uruguay
Police of Uruguay[15]
Accidents and incidents
The R44 was found to be prone to post-accident fires due to damage to the aluminum fuel tanks, allowing fuel to leak out. In 2009, the company began installing bladder-type fuel tanks in all new R44 helicopters. It also issued Service Bulletin SB-78 on 20 December 2010, requiring R44 helicopters with all-aluminum fuel tanks to be retrofitted with bladder-type tanks to "improve the R44's fuel system's resistance to a post-accident fuel leak." The company recommended that the change should be done as soon as practical, but no later than 31 December 2014. The compliance date was later moved to 30 April 2013.[16]
An accident investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) in March 2013 found, after analyzing historical data, that a significantly higher proportion of R44 aircraft (12%) caught fire after crashing, compared to accidents involving other types of piston-engine helicopters (7%).[17]:7 Preliminary analysis by the ATSB of the NTSB's accident database found a similar statistic, with 15% of accidents in the US involving R44 helicopters having post-crash fires.[17]:7
Heli Air Robinson R44 Raven II arrives for the 2014 Royal International Air Tattoo, England
Although the data did not consider which type of fuel tanks were fitted, the report mentioned four fatal accidents to the R44 fitted with bladder-type tanks, but as far as they knew, did not involve a post-accident fire. The ATSB recommended that the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) take further action to urge R44 owners to fit bladder-type tanks.[17]:12 The FAA, the governing body in the country of manufacture whose directives would normally be followed in other countries like Australia, had not mandated the retrofit; CASA therefore issued Australian-specific airworthiness directive AD/R44/23, grounding R44 aircraft on 30 April 2013 that had not yet been upgraded.[18]
On 19 February 2015, the New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority issued an Airworthiness Directive grounding 80 of the country's R44 helicopters after two people were killed in an accident traced to a particular type of main rotor blade, the P/N C016-7 or Dash 7, which a preliminary investigation determined had failed in flight - the second failure or partial failure in two months. This was the largest-scale grounding of any aircraft in New Zealand's history. The CAA determined through laboratory tests that the rotor blade had failed due to overload during the crash and was not the cause of the accident and the fleet was ungrounded on 24 February 2015. The CAA left the Airworthiness Directive requiring repetitive inspections in place, however. Director of Civil Aviation Graeme Harris stated, "we don’t want to see any complacency amongst operators as there is still a concern with these blades and we are waiting on test results from the USA before we review the Airworthiness notice."[19] Following the grounding in New Zealand, Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) also grounded R44 helicopters with the same rotor blades.[20][21][22]
Specifications (R44 Raven II)
Data from Robinson R44 Raven II Pilot's Operating Handbook and FAA approved rotorcraft flight manual, dated 13 June 2005.
General characteristics
Crew: one or two pilots
Capacity: four, including pilot
Payload: 748 lb (340 kg)
Length: 38 ft 3 in (11.65 m)
Rotor diameter: 33 ft (10.1 m)
Tail rotor diameter: 4 ft 10 in (1.5 m))
Height: 10 ft 9 in (3.3 m)
Empty weight: 1450 lb (658 kg)
Loaded weight: 2500 lb (1134 kg)
Fuel: 100 low lead (100LL) fuel or 100/130.
Main tank capacity: 31.6 US gallons (120 liters)
Main tank usable fuel: 30.6 US gallons (116 liters)
Auxiliary tank capacity: 18.5 US gallons (70 liters)
Auxiliary tank usable fuel: 18.3 US gallons (69 liters)
Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming IO-540-AE1A5 6 cylinder, flat engine with fuel injection, 245 bhp (183 kW)
Performance
Maximum speed: 130 kn (240 km/h; 150 mph)
Cruise speed: 110 kn (200 km/h; 130 mph)
Range: 300 nmi (560 km; 350 mi)
Fuel consumption: 15 US gallons (57 l) of Avgas per hour[23] Not given in Pilot's Handbook.[4]
Altitude restrictions: 14,000 ft (4,300 m) density altitude or 9,000 ft (2,700 m) above ground level in order to be able to reach ground within 5 minutes in case of fire.
See also
Related development
- Robinson R22
- Robinson R66
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
- Bell 206
- Enstrom F-28
- MD Helicopters MD 500
Related lists
- List of civil aircraft
- List of rotorcraft
References
^ "2013 General Aviation Statistical Databook & 2014 Industry Outlook" (PDF). General Aviation Manufacturers Association. 2014: 17. Retrieved 23 February 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ "2016 General Aviation Statistical Databook & 2017 Industry Outlook" (PDF). General Aviation Manufacturers Association. 2017: 17. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Timeline: February 1998". Robinson Helicopter Company. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ ab Greenspun, Philip (July 2014). "Robinson R44 Raven I". Retrieved 20 September 2014.
^ "Robinson Introduces the Two-Place R44 Cadet" (Press release). Torrance, CA: Robinson Helicopter Company. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ "FAI Record ID #6703". FAI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
^ "Chopper granny rounds globe". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. 6 September 2000. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ "FAI Record ID #12126". FAI. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
^ abcdefghi World Air Forces 2017 (Report). Flightglobal. 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ Krause, Adriana (22 December 2005). "Lebanese Army Takes Delivery of Two More Robinsons" (PDF) (Press release). Torrance, CA: Robinson Helicopter Company. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ Dedace, Sophia (11 February 2010). "PNP gets 3 Raven choppers for anti-crime operations". GMA Network. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
^ "В расположение предприятия "Авиалесоохрана "Алтай" прибыл новый вертолет "Робинсон"" [The Altai Aerial Forest Protection Service has a new Robinson Helicopter] (in Russian). Wood.ru. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ "South Africa Combats Crime with R44 Raven II Police Helicopters" (PDF). Robinson News. Vol. 14 no. 2. Robinson Helicopter Company. 15 August 2008. pp. 1, 4. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
^ Shedlock, Jerzy (31 May 2013). "Down one search-and-rescue helicopter, Alaska State Troopers reorganize". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ "Uruguay suma helicópteros estadounidenses a la policía para reforzar la vigilancia" [Uruguay adds US helicopters to police to reinforce surveillance] (in Spanish). Montevideo: EFE. 28 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ R44 Service Bulletin (PDF) (Report). Rev B. Torrance, CA: Robinson Helicopter Company. 28 September 2012. SB-78B. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ abc Collision with terrain involving Robinson R44 helicopter, VH-HWQ, Preliminary (PDF) (Report). Australian Transport Safety Bureau. 5 April 2013. AO-2013-055. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Ward, Nicholas (29 April 2013). R44 Bladder Fuel Tank Retrofit (PDF) (Report). Civil Aviation Safety Authority. AD/R44/23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
^ Kenny, Katie; Mann, Brittany (21 February 2015). "Chopper ban after deaths unprecedented". Stuff.co.nz. Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
^ Ward, Nicholas (21 February 2015). Prohibition of Flight—C016-7 Main Rotor Blades (PDF) (Report). Civil Aviation Safety Authority. AD/R44/24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ Niles, Russ (21 February 2015). "Australia, New Zealand Ground Some R-44s". AVweb. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ Richards, Mike (24 February 2015). "CAA lifts flight ban on Helicopters" (PDF) (Press release). Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ Larson, George C. (1 March 2011). "Robinson: Ready for the Rebound". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2 September 2014. (Subscription required (help)).
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robinson R44. |
- Official website
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