Central European scarab beetles with some anatomical details. Edmund Reitter's Fauna Germanica, 1908
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Euarthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Superfamily:
Scarabaeoidea
Family:
Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802
Subfamilies[1]
Aclopinae Blanchard, 1850
Aegialiinae Laporte, 1840
Allidiostomatinae Arrow, 1940
Aphodiinae Leach, 1815
Aulonocneminae Janssens, 1946
Cetoniinae Leach, 1815
Chironinae Blanchard, 1845
Dynamopodinae Arrow, 1911
Dynastinae MacLeay, 1819
Eremazinae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1977
Melolonthinae Leach, 1819
Orphninae Erichson, 1847
Phaenomeridinae Erichson, 1847
Rutelinae MacLeay, 1819
Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802
Termitotroginae Wasmann, 1918
† Cretoscarabaeinae Nikolajev, 1995
† Lithoscarabaeinae Nikolajev, 1992
† Prototroginae Nikolajev, 2000
The family Scarabaeidae as currently defined consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide, often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Pleocomidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Ochodaeidae, and Geotrupidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Bouchard (2011).[1]
Contents
1Description
2Ancient Egypt
3See also
4References
5Further reading
6External links
Description
Sacred scarab in a cartouche of Thutmosis III from Karnak temple of Amun-Ra, Egypt
Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colours, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odours. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging. In some groups males (and sometimes females) have prominent horns on the head and/or pronotum to fight over mates or resources.[2]
A scarab beetle grub from Australia.
The C-shaped larvae, called grubs, are pale yellow or white. Most adult beetles are nocturnal, although the flower chafers (Cetoniinae) and many leaf chafers (Rutelinae) are active during the day. The grubs mostly live underground or under debris, so are not exposed to sunlight. Many scarabs are scavengers that recycle dung, carrion, or decaying plant material.[3] Others, such as the Japanese beetle, are plant-eaters.
Some of the well-known beetles from the Scarabaeidae are Japanese beetles, dung beetles, June beetles, rose chafers (Australian, European, and North American), rhinoceros beetles, Hercules beetles and Goliath beetles.
Several members of this family have structurally coloured shells which act as left-handed circular polarisers; this was the first-discovered example of circular polarization in nature.[4]
Ancient Egypt
In Ancient Egypt, the dung beetle now known as Scarabaeus sacer (formerly Ateuchus sacer) was revered as sacred. Egyptian amulets representing the sacred scarab beetles were traded throughout the Mediterranean world.[2]
See also
List of genera of Scarabaeidae
Scarab artifact
Grapevine beetle
Dung beetle - Scarabaeidae dung beetles play an important role in temperate and tropical environments
^ abbugguide.net Family Scarabaeidae - Scarab Beetles
^Marcos Paulo Gomes Gonçalves (2017). "Relação Entre Tempo e Besouros em Mata de Cocal" [Relationship Between Meteorological Conditions and Beetles in Mata de Cocal]. Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia (in Portuguese). 32 (4): 543–554. doi:10.1590/0102-7786324003.
^A. A. Michelson (1911). "On metallic colourings in birds and insects". Philosophical Magazine. 21 (124): 554–567. doi:10.1080/14786440408637061.
RU Ehlers. Current and Future Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol: Practice and Commercial Aspects with Regard to Regulatory Policy Issues. Biocontrol Science and Technology Volume 6, Issue 3, 1996.
External links
Flickr Images on Flickr
Scarabaeidae breeding site Photos of various Cetonidae, Dynastidae, Euchiridae, Lucanidae and Trichinae]
Family SCARABAEIDAE
June Beetles, Family: Scarabaeidae - Diagnostic photographs
Scarab Beetle Research, Databases, and Links from Scarab Central at University of Nebraska State Museum
Bibliography of literature published on scarab beetles since 1 January 2001 (worldwide coverage; through 2005)
UNL Generic Guide to New World Scarabaeidae
Heredity Scientific paper on scarab horns
Data related to Scarabaeidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons
v
t
e
Extant Coleoptera families
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Endopterygota
Suborder Archostemata
Crowsoniellidae (Crowsoniella relicta)
Cupedidae (reticulated beetles)
Jurodidae (Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae)
Micromalthidae (telephone-pole beetle)
Ommatidae
Suborder Adephaga
Extant families
Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles)
Aspidytidae
Carabidae (ground beetles)
Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles)
Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles)
Haliplidae (crawling water beetles)
Hygrobiidae
Meruidae (Meru phyllisae)
Noteridae (burrowing water beetles)
Rhysodidae (wrinkled bark beetles)
Trachypachidae (false ground beetles)
Suborder Myxophaga
Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles)
Lepiceridae
Sphaeriusidae
Torridincolidae
Suborder Polyphaga
Bostrichiformia
Bostrichoidea
Anobiidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles)
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Mixing
Data related to Scarabaeidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Scarabaeidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Scarabaeidae at Wikimedia Commons
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